Digital Microwave

Communication Principle
 Contents

1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave Equipment

4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies

Transmission Methods for
Communication

Coaxial Cable

Fiber

MUX MUX
Radio Microwave Radio
Ter. Ter.

Satellite
Fiber and Microwave transmission
Microwave (MW)
Easy to cross the space, few land
needed, avoid the private land
Low investment, short period,
easy to maintain
Anti-natural disaster strongly ,
easy to be restored fast
Need to apply the frequency
license
Performance affected by weather
and landform
Low transmission capacity
Optical Fiber
Optical cable construction,
large land used.
High investment, long
Construction period
Outside cable maintenance,
natural disaster influence
No frequency license required
Performance stable, less
influence from outside
High transmission capacity
Microwave (MW) Definition
• Microwave (MW)
• A kind of electromagnetic wave.
• Radio frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz.
• Be regard as plane wave.
• The electric field and magnetic field exist at vertical of transmission
direction of plane wave. So it is called as Transverse Electric and
Magnetic field wave (TEM).
Digital MW communication concepts
• The communication that use microwave as carrier is microwave communication.
• The microwave communication with digital baseband signal is Digital microwave communication.
• There is an intermediate frequency between digital baseband signal and radio frequency signal.
Developing of MW communication

Capacity （ /ch ）
SDH Digital
155M
MW system

PDH Digital
34/140M
MW System
Medium, low capacity
2/4/6/8M Digital MW System 1990’s to now

Analog MW
480 tone
System 1980’s
channels
1970’s

1950’s

Note: capacity less than 10M is considered as low capacity, from 10~100M is
medium capacity, and more than 100M is large capacity.
Frequency Band and Radio Channel
• The common frequency bands :

• 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R rec. )

1.5 2.5GHz
region
networks
2
8 3.3 11 GHz
34 long-distance
area and local network,
Mbit/ backbone network
s boundary network
34
2
140 8
155 34
Mbit/s 140
155
Mbit/s GHz

1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)
• The central frequency, T/R spacing and channel spacing are defined in every frequency band.

Frequency scope
f0(central freq.)
Low frequency band High frequency band
Protection T/R spacing Protection
spacing T/R spacing spacing

Channel Adjacent Channel

spacing T/R spacing
f1 f2 fn spacing f1’ f2 ’ fn’
Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)

Frequency scope （ 7425 － 7725MHz ）

f0(7575M)
T/R spacing: 154M
28M

f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1’=7596 f2’ f5’

Freq. scope F0 (MHz) T/R spacing (MHz) channel spacing(MHz) High site / low site
7425--7725 7575 154 28 Fn , Fn’
7575 161 7
7110--7750 7275 196 28
7597 196 28
7250--7550 7400 161 3.5
……. …… …… …… ……
Modulation modes for Digital MW
• The microwave carrier is digital modulated by the baseband signal.

Baseband signal rate

Channel bandwidth
Modulation

Digital baseband signal IF signal

Service signal
transmitted
 Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave Equipment

4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies

Page12
Types of Digital MW Equipment

Modes Digital MW Analog MW

Multiplexing PDH SDH

Capacity
medium, low
capacity Large capacity
（ STM-
（2～ 0 ， STM-1 ， 2 x Discontinued
16E1 ， 34M ） STM-1 ）

Trunk MW

Structure split-mount MW

All-outdoor MW
Trunk MW Equipment

BRU: Branch of RF unit

MSTU: Main signal transceiver unit

(transceiver, modem, SDH electric
interface, hitless module)
P

M1
M2 SCSU: surveil, control, switch unit
…

BBIU: baseband interface unit

(optional: STM-1 optical interface, C4
PDH interface)
SDH MW Equipment

Page14
All-outdoor MW Equipment

RF signal processing unit

IF cable

IF and baseband signal

processing unit

Service and power cable

All-outdoor MW equipment
 Split-mount MW Equipment

Antenna
 Antenna: focus RF signal sent by ODU, enlarge signal gain
 ODU: RF signal processing ， conversion between IF signal
and RF signal. IF Cable
 IF cable: Transmission for IF service signal , ODU RF unit or
management signal and supply power for ODU. Outdoor unit
 IDU: service access and distribute, multiple, modem and so (ODU)
on.

Indoor Unit

split-mount MW equipment
Split-mount MW Equipment - Installation

Separate installation Direct installation

Antenna

Antenna

ODU
Soft waveguide

(ODU) IF cable IF cable

中频
口 IDU
IDU IF interface
IF interface
Antenna
• The antenna propagates the electric wave from transmitter
into one direction, and receive the electric wave. Paraboloid antenna and Kasai
Green antenna are usually used.
• The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0m, etc.

Paraboloid antenna Kasai Green antenna

Antenna (cont.)
• Several channels in one frequency band can share one antenna.

Channel Channel

1 1
Tx
1 1
Rx

n n
Tx
n n
Rx
Antenna Aligning

Side
lobe Side view
Main lobe
Rear lobe

Side
lobe
Top view
Main lobe Rear lobe
Antenna Aligning

Wrong Wrong Correct

Outdoor Unit
The main specifications of transmitter
• Working frequency band:
One ODU can cover one frequency band or some part of a frequency band.
• Output power:
The power at the output port of transmitter.
The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.
• Frequency stability
The oscillation frequency stability of microwave device is from 3 to 10 ppm.
• Transmitting frequency spectrum frame
A restricted frequency scope is frequency spectrum frame.
Outdoor Unit (cont.)
The main specifications of receiver
• Work frequency band:
The receiving frequency of local station is the same with the remote station.
• Frequency stability
The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
• Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from 2.5 to 5dB.
• Passband
• The typical value is 1 to 2 times of transmission code element rate.
• Selectivity
• The suppressing ability against interference beyond transmission bands
• Automatic gain control (AGC) range
• Automatic control the gain to keep the same IF output power level when receiving RF power level shift in a
range because of fading.
 Indoor Unit
• Accessing service like E1 or STM-1
• Processing RFCOH
• Conversion signals between baseband and IF
Service channel IF unit
Multiplex of
modulati Tx IF
microwave
on

Cable interface
Service frame From/to
accessing Demultiplex
demodula
Rx IF ODU
of microwave
tion
frame
Interface Service
of OM Monitor and channel
control unit

DC/DC convert
 Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview

2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction

3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave

Equipment

4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies

Common Networking Application

Point to point
Ring
link

Add / drop
link
Tree
Types of Digital MW Stations
• The digital MW station includes terminal station, relay station and pivotal station

Relay Pivotal
station station
Terminal
station
Pivotal Terminal
station station

Terminal
station
Types of Relay Stations

Passive • Parabolic reflectors

• Plane reflector
Relay
station

• Regenerative relay
Active
• IF relay

• RF relay
Active Relay Stations
• RF direct station:
• Amplifying MW signal at RF band bidirectionally without frequency shift.
• Regenerative relay station:
• It extends the MW propagation distance and change direction to round the
obstacles.
Passive Relay Stations
• Parabolic reflectors:
• It consists of two parabolic antennas which are connected back to back with a
section of waveguide.
• Plane reflectors:
• A metal panel with a smooth surface and effective acreage.
Passive Relay (actual picture)

Plane reflectors Parabolic reflectors

Application of Digital MW

Supplement for
optical
network (the Special
Backhaul last mile transmission
transmission access) situation (river,
for mobile lake, island)
BTS Microwave
application
Emergency
Critical link communication
backup （ large activity,
crisis ）
VIP customer
access
MINI-LINK TN

Hardware!!!!!!
PDH and SDH
PDH and SDH…

PDH, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Developed in the 1950s and 1960s when voice was predominant
and digital transmission was only small isolated islands in an analog ocean.

SDH, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Developed in the 1980s. Offers a more efficient transmission technique,
higher capacities and embedded network management data.
Media

Cables
Electrical or Optical

Satellite

Radio link
Where digital transmission started...

Clock/timing Clock/timing
Digital Analogue

64kbit/s
A D

D A
64kbit/s

Where it all started, the 64kbit/s PCM channel

• Originally used to transport one phone call.
• Developed during the sixties when a technology
change from analogue to digital was necessary

PCM = Pulse Coded Modulation

Where digital transmission started...
When 64kbit/s isn’t enough…

“American” standard:
64kbit/s
Clock 24 x 64kbit/s = 1.544Mbit/s, T1

PCM-frame

64kbit/s
“European” standard:
32 x 64kbit/s = 2.048Mbit/s, E1
E1 frame
(“PCM frame”, “2Mbit frame”, “Primary rate”…)

TS 16
TS 31

TS 0
Structured E1
One 64kbit/s channel = One Time Slot (TS)
Time Slot 0 used for synchronization of the E1 itself
Remaining 31 time slots used to carry payload such as:
• 30 landline telephone calls (1 call/TS, TS16 used for signaling)
• Approx. 100 GSM telephone calls.
• Data traffic at 64kbit/s level.
Multiplexing in general
When higher capacity is needed…

… A3, A2, A1 Bit rate = y kbit/s … A3, A2, A1

… B3, B2, B1 … B3, B2, B1

…C2, B2, A2, D1, C1, B1, A1...

… C3, C2, C1 … C3, C2, C1

Multiplexer Demultiplexer

Bit rate = n times y kbit/s

… D3, D2, D1 … D3, D2, D1
(+ possible extra stuffing bits)
Multiplexing in ETSI PDH
When 2Mbit/s isn’t enough…
In the world of PDH multiplexing is:
4x2=8
4 x 8 = 34 (?!)
E1
4 x 34 = 140 (?!)
2,048Mbit/s

E2

2,048Mbit/s 8.448Mbit/s
E3
8.448Mbit/s 34.368Mbit/s

2,048Mbit/s 8.448Mbit/s

8.448Mbit/s
2,048Mbit/s
Multiplexing in SDH
PDH SDH

E1

STM-1 STM-4

x 63 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16

STM-1 STM-4

STM-1 STM-4
E1
2.048Mbit/s 155.52Mbit/s 622.08Mbit/s 2488.32Mbit/s
STM-1 frame structure

Columns 64kbit/s

1 9 10 270
1

Overhead Payload
Max effective approx. 150Mbit/s
Rows

Network
supervision For example 63 x E1

9 =155.52
Mbit/s
Summary, ETSI “containers”
PDH

E2 x4 E3 x4 E4
8Mbit/s 34Mbit/s 140Mbit/s
x4
x32 E1 x3
64kbit/s 2Mbit/s x1

x63 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16

x4 x4
155Mbit/s 622Mbit/s 2.5Gbit/s

SDH
SDH Principle
 Contents
1. SDH Overview
2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
3. Overheads & Pointers

Page53
Emergence of SDH
• What is SDH?
• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
• It defines a standard frame structure, a specific
multiplexing method, and so on.

 Why did SDH emerge?

 Need for a system to process increasing amounts of
information.
 New standard that allows interconnecting equipment of
different suppliers.

Page54
Advantages of SDH
 Interfaces
 PDH electrical interfaces
 Only 3 regional standards:
European (2.048 Mb/s),
Japanese, North American
(1.544 Mb/s)
 PDH optical interfaces
 SDH electrical interfaces
 Universal standards
 SDH optical interfaces
 Can be connected to different
vendors’ optical transmission
equipments.

 No standards, manufacturers
develop at their will.

Page55
Disadvantages of PDH
• Multiplexing methods: Level by level

140 Mb/s 140 Mb/s

34 Mb/s 34 Mb/s

8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s

Demultiplexers Multiplexers

2 Mb/s
More equipment to achieve this functionality
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission More equipment  More floor space
Headache for network planners More power  More costs

Page56
Advantages of SDH
 Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved
Lower rate SDH to higher rate SDH One Byte from
STM-1
A STM-1 B
(STM-1 STM-4 STM-16  STM-64)
A A A

STM-1
B …
B B B 4:1 STM-4
C
STM-1
C
C
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and
D
STM-1
flexible mapping structure
D D --- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in
What about PDH? SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert
capabilities
Page57
Advantages of SDH
 OAM function
 PDH
 SDH
 Abundant overheads bytes
 In the frame structure of
for OAM
PDH signals, there are few
overhead bytes used for  Remote & Centralized
OAM. Management

 Weak OAM function  Fast circuit provisioning

from centralized point

Page58
Advantages of SDH
 Compatibility
STM-N
STM-N Transmit Receive

Processing Processing
SDH Network

Container Container

Pack Unpack

PDH SDH ATM Ethernet PDH SDH ATM Ethernet

Service Signal Flow Model
Page59
Comparison between SDH and PDH
 Low bandwidth utilization ratio
 In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signals.
 In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signals.
 Complex mechanism of pointer justification
 Influence of excessive use of software on system security

Page60
 Contents
1. SDH Overview
2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
3. Overheads & Pointers

Page61
SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us
From ITU-T G.707:

1. One frame lasts for 125

microseconds (8000 frames/s)

123456789
2. Rectangular block structure 9
rows and 270 columns (Basic
frame: STM-1)
3. Each unit is one byte (8 bits) 9 rows
4. Transmission mode: Byte by
byte, row by row, from left to
right, from top to bottom

270 Columns
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

Page62
SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us

 Three parts:

123456789
RSOH
 SOH
AU-PTR Information
9 rows
 AU-Pointer Payload
MSOH
 Information
Payload
9

270 Columns

Page63
SDH Frame Structure
Information
Information Payload
Payload
√√ Also
Also known
known as as Virtual
Virtual Container
Container level
level 44 (VC-4)
(VC-4)
√√ Used
Used to
to transport
transport low
low speed
speed tributary
tributary signals
signals
√√ Contains
Contains low
low rate
rate signals
signals and
and Path
Path Overhead
Overhead (POH)
(POH)
√√ Location:
Location: rows
rows #1
#1 ~~ #9,
#9, columns
columns #10
#10 ~~ #270
#270
LPOH, TU-PTR

RSOH
package
AU-PTR HPOH
9 rows Payload low rate signal

MSOH package

LPOH, TU-PTR
9 1 Data
package
270 Columns

Page64
 SDH Frame Structure
Section
Section Overhead
Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM

Types of Section Overhead

123

RSOH
1. RSOH monitors the regenerator
56789

AU-PTR Information section

9 rows 2. MSOH monitors the multiplexing
Payload section
MSOH Location:
3. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
columns #1 ~ #9
2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9,
9
columns #1 ~ #9
270 Columns

Page65
SDH Frame Structure

AU-PTR

Function: RSOH
Indicates the first byte of VC4
4 AU-PTR Information 9 rows
Location:
row #4, columns #1 ~ #9 Payload
MSOH

J1

270 Columns

Page66
SDH Multiplexing Features
• SDH Multiplexing includes:
• Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1  STM-N)
• PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M  STM-N)
• Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP  STM-N)
• Some terms and definitions:
• Mapping
• Aligning
• Multiplexing

Page67
SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 ×1 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c
STM-64 AUG-64
×4
×1 ×1
STM-16 AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c
×4
×1 ×1
STM-4 AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c
×4
×1
×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal

×3

Mapping ×1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 E3 signal
Aligning
×7
Multiplexing
TUG-2

TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal

×3

Page68
 Bit stuffing is the insertion of one or more

From 140Mb/s to STM-N bits into a transmission unit as a way to

provide signaling information to a receiver.
The receiver knows how to detect and
remove or disregard the stuffed bits. ... The
receiving end removes the stuffed bits and
restores the bit stream to its original
sequence.
C4 VC4
1
1
H
140M Rate adaptation Add HPOH P Next
O
H
9 Mapping 9
1 260 261
1
125 μs 125μs

Page69
From 140Mb/s to STM-N
AUG-1 1 STM-1 270
10 270

RSOH
Info
Add AU-PTR AU-4 Add AU-PTR Payload
AU-PTR X1
SOH
MSOH
9

Aligning Multiplexing
AUG-N 1 STM-N 270N

RSOH
Info
One STM-1 frame can load only Add Payload
AU-PTR
one 140Mbit/s Signal SOH
MSOH
9

Page70
From 34Mb/s to STM-N

C3 VC3

1 1
L
34M Rate Add LPOH P
Adaptation Next
O
H
9 9
84 Mapping 85
1 1
125μs 125μs

Page71
From 34Mb/s to STM-N

TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4

1 86 1 86 1 3 261
1 1 1
H1 H1
H2 H2
H3 H3 H
Fill P
1st ×3 R R
gap O
align
R
H

9 9 9
Aligning Multiplexing Same
procedure
as 140M

Page72
From 2Mb/s to STM-N

VC12 TU12
C12

1 4 1 LPOH 4 1 4
1 1 1

Rate Add Add Next

2M
Adaptation LPOH TU-PTR page

9 9 9

125μs Aligning
Mapping TU-PTR
Page
73
From 2Mb/s to STM-N

TUG-2 TUG-3

1 12 1 86
1 1

R R
X3 X7

9 9

Same
Multiplexing Multiplexing
procedure
as 34M

Page74
Questions

• What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?

• What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?

Page75
 Concept of Huawei Hybrid MSTP
Native TDM/CES
 Support native E1/T1/STM-1
/4/16/64
 Support CES (TDM PWE3)
 Lowest transport cost for TDM
Hybrid
MSTP
Smooth Evolution
 Smooth evolution capability
 Compatible with MSTP
 EoD: Ethernet over Dual
Domains
CES :Circuit Emulation Service
MSTP: multi-service Transmission platform
Native Packet
 Support native FE/GE/10GE
 MPLS for efficient packet transport
 Packet Synchronization solution
 Lowest transport cost for packet
End to End Management &
Control
 End to end management cross
different domain (TDM and Packet )
 Uniform NMS: U2000
Page76
System Architecture
STM-1/4 TDM/Packet OTU-3
Smart (7500II)
SDH Line
STM-16/64
TDM & Packet
E1/E3/E4 PDH
Switching Fabric
ATM ATM
Packet
MPL FE/GE/10GE
Phone PCM S CES E1

Ethernet EoS

Timing Auxiliary SCC

SCC
Timing Management
External Unit Unit Unit
Unit
Unit interface
synchronization Auxiliary
interface interface
Page77
Networking Application
E1 BSC
BTS
ST
M-
4
RNC
-1
E1 STM

BTS STM-64/10GE

GE
iManager U2000
FE
Convergence
DSLAM
-1 GE
STM

4
M-
E1

ST
Access OptiX OSN 3500
FE
BTS OptiX OSN 7500
FE OptiX OSN 7500II
IMA
NodeB E1 OptiX OSN 1500
NodeB

NodeB

Page78
OptiX OSN 1500A Sub-rack
PIU

Service slot area

Core Unit

Auxiliary Unit

FAN box

Dimensions (mm) 133 (H) x 444 (W) x 262 (D)

Weight (kg) 8 (without boards and fans)

Page79
Sub-rack OSN 1500B

Interface slot area

PIU

Service slot area

Core Unit

Auxiliary board slot

Fan box

221 （ H ） x 444 （ W ） x
Dimensions (mm)
262 （ D ）

Weight (kg) 9

Page80
Sub-rack OSN 3500

Interface slot area

Auxiliary unit
Power Interface Unit

Fan unit

Service slot area

SCC unit
Cross-connection unit
Air filter

722 （ H ） ×497 （ W ） ×295

Dimensions (mm)
（D） Page
82
Weight (kg) 20
Sub-rack OSN 7500
SCC unit
Interface slot area
Service slot area

Auxiliary unit

FAN unit

Cross-connect unit

Service slot area

Air filter

Dimensions (mm) 496.4 (W) x 295 (D) x 756.7 (H)

Weight (kg) 30 (without boards and fans)

Page83
WDM Principle
 Foreword

 With the development of telecommunication, the requirements of

the transmission capacity and service categories are becoming

bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM technology

emerged.

Page85
 Objectives

• Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure of WDM;
• Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;
• Outline the key technologies of WDM system;
• List the technical specifications for WDM system.

Page86
 Contents

1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Master Limitation of DWDM system
5. Technical Specifications

Page87
 How to increase network capacity ？

 TDM+WDM
 Maximum Rate
 WDM  Maximum number
 Cost-effective of Channels
 TDM  Fast  Maximum System
 STM-16→ STM-64  Mature & Quick Capacity
 SDM
 Cost & Complication
 Add fiber &
equipment
 Time & cost
Solution of capacity expansion

Page88
What's WDM ？

Gas Station

Free Way

Patrol Car

Page89
WDM Concept

• Different signals with specific wavelength are

multiplexed into a fiber for transmission.

SDH signal

IP package

ATM cells

Page90
• The overall System
structureStructure
of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:
• Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
• Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)
• Optical Amplifier (OA)
• Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)

OTU OTU

O O
OTU BA LA PA OTU
M D
U U
OTU OTU

OSC OSC OSC

Page91
Transmission Modes

 Single fiber unidirectional transmission

MUX DMUX

M
O 4 O
T 0 T
0
U U
4
M

Page92
Transmission Modes

 Single fiber bidirectional transmission

MUX/DMUX DMUX/MUX

M
O 4 O
T 0 0
T
U U
4
M

Page93
 Application Modes

 Open System

MUX DMUX

M
O 4 O
T 0 0
T
U U
4
M

Client Client

Page94
Application Modes

 Integrated System

MUX DMUX

M
4
0 0
4
M

Client Client

Page95
Advantages of WDM

 Ultra high capacity

 Data transparency transmission
 Long haul transmission
 Compatible with existing optical fibers
 High performance-to-cost ratio
 High networking flexibility, economy and reliability
 Smooth expansion

Page96
CWDM

 CWDM: Coarse wavelength division multiplexing

 spacing of two adjacent wavelengths: 20 nm
DWDM
Even Wavelengths: 196.0 THz to 192.1 THz

C band Odd Wavelengths: 196.05 THz to 192.15 THz

ITU-T G.694.1
192 wavelengths at the extended C band with 25 GHz channel spacing
160 wavelengths at C band
32 extended wavelengths

196.05THz 192.125THz 192.05THz 191.275THz

 DWDM: dense wavelength division multiplexing

 spacing of two adjacent wavelengths: 25 GHz
 CWDM vs. DWDM
Category CWDM DWDM

Channel Spacing 20 nm 100 GHZ/50 GHZ/25GHZ

Wavelength 1271 nm to 1611 C-band even wavelengths: 191.30 THz to 196.00 THz
Range C-band odd wavelengths: 191.35 THz to 196.05 THz
C-band even wavelengths plus:191.325 THz to 196.025 THz
C-band odd wavelengths plus :191.375 THz to 196.075 THz
L-band even wavelengths: 186.95 THz to 190.85 THz
L-band odd wavelengths: 187.00 THz to 190.90 THz

Capacity 18 x 5Gbit/s= 90 Gbit/s 192 x 10 Gbit/s = 1920 Gbit/s

80 x 40 Gbit /s = 3220
laser Uncooled laser Cooled Laser

Price low High

Transmission 100 km 5000 km

distance
 Wavelength Ranges in WDM

Band Description Range (nm) Bandwidth (nm)

O band Original 1260–1360 100
E band Extension 1360–1460 100

S band Short 1460–1525 65

C band Normal 1525–1565 40

L band Long 1565–1625 60

U band Ultra-long 1625–1675 50

In a DWDM system, C band and L band are used because the attenuation in the two bands is the
lowest.

In a CWDM system, multiple bands are used, ranging from 1311 to 1611 nm, because attenuation is
not a major restrictive factor in short-distance transmission. Page
100
 Questions
• What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
• Difference between the two transmission modes
• Difference between the two application modes
• List the structure of the WDM system.

Page101
 Summary
• Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and
CWDM;
• WDM system structure ;
• Transmission and application Modes of WDM
system;

Page102
 Contents

1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Master limitation of DWDM system
5. Technical Specifications

Page103
OTN
• OTN （ Optical Transport Network ）
• An Optical Transport Network (OTN) is composed of a set
of Optical Network Elements connected by optical fiber
links, able to provide functionality of transport,
multiplexing, routing, management, supervision and
survivability of client signals.

Page104
Features of OTN
• Compared with SDH and SONET ：
• Ultra capacity with high accuracy, Terabit/second per fibre via DWDM lines
• Service transparency for client signals
• Asynchronous mapping, powerful FEC function, predigest network design and reduce the
cost
• Provide a maximum of Six level nested or overlapped TCM connection monitoring
• Supports flexible network grooming and protection capabilities

• Compared with traditional WDM

• Provide effective capabilities , such as OAM&P and Network Survivability
• Provide flexible optical-layer and electrical-layer grooming capabilities as well as carrier-
class, manageable and operable network capabilities.

Page105
OTN system

OTN

Jitter Equipment Structure Physic

management Network
and function and and layer Architecture
protection
wander features mapping features
G.874 G.8251 G.873.1 G.798 G.709 G.959.1 G.872
G.874.1 G.8201 G.873.2 G.806 G.7041 G.693 G.8080
G.7042 G.694

Page106
 Contents

1. Optical transport hierarchy

2. OTN interface structure
3. Multiplexing/mapping principles and bit rates
4. Overhead description
5. Maintenance signals and function for different layers
6. Alarm and performance events

Page107
OTN network layers and interface structure
IP/MPLS ATM EthernetSTM-N
OPUk: Optical channel Payload Unit-k
LO OPUk ODUk: Optical channel Data Unit-k
LO ODUk （ ODUkP 、 ODUkT ） OTUk: completely standardized Optical
channel Transport Unit-k
HO OPUk OTUk OTUkV OTUk OTUkV OTUk
OTUkV: functionally standardized
HO ODUk （ ODUkP 、 ODUkT ） OCh OChr Optical channel Transport Unit-k
OTUk OTUkV OTUk OTUkV OTUk OMSn OPSMnk OCh: Optical Channel with full
OPSn
OCh OChr OTSn functionality
OChr: Optical Channel with reduced
OMSn OPSMnk
OPSn OTM-n.m OTM-0.m OTM-0.mvn functionality
OTSn OTM-nr.m OMS: Optical Multiplex Section
OTS: Optical Transmission Section
OTM-n.m OTM-0.m OTM-0.mvn
OTM-nr.m OPS: Optical Physical Section
OTM: Optical Transport Module

(k=1/2/2e/3/3e2/4)
Page108
OTN Interfaces
Network Operator B
USER Network
A Operator
OTM NNI OTM
C
OTM IaDI-IrVI NNI
UNI OTM NNI IrDI
OTM NNI
IaDI-IaVI IaDI-IaVI

Vendors X Vendors Y

• User to Network Interface (UNI)

• Network Node Interface (NNI)
• Inter-domain Interface (IrDI)
• Intra-domain Interface (IaDI)
• between equipment of different vendors (IrVI)
• within subnetwork of one vendor (IaVI)
• The completely standardized OTUk is used on OTM IrDIs and may be used on OTM IaDIs
• The partly standardized OTUk is used on OTM IaDIs

Page109
Sub-rack OSN 8800 T32

Subrack Silk-Screen
• Structure Mounting ear

Fiber spool
Board Area

Fiber cabling area

Fan Tray Assembly

Fiber cabling area

Air Filter
A subrack identified by "Enhanced" is an enhanced OptiX OSN 8800 T32 subrack.
A subrack is not identified by "Enhanced" is an general OptiX OSN 8800 T32 subrack.

Page110
Sub-rack OSN 8800 T16

• Structure
Mounting ear

Board Area

Fiber spool

Fiber cabling area

Fan Tray Assembly

Air Filter

Page111
OSN 8800 Platform Subrack

• Structure
Mounting
ear

Fiber spool Board Area

Fiber cabling
area

Air Filter Fan Tray Assembly

Page112
Thanks