Transmission &: Minilink TN System

Transmission &
M i n i l i n k TN
System
BY: K h a l i l A l - a l a m i
T r a n s m i s s i o n (TRM)
› Transmission is A process where the traffic (voice, Data,
video, etc.) transmitted over a medium between source and
destination.
› Transmission medias:
– Wired:
› Copper cable.
› Optical fiber .
– Wireless:
› Microwave Radio.
› VSAT.
› Transmission in telecom is to transmit the traffic from a site
to the Network.
Khalil Al-Alami | 8-May-2017| Page 2

T r a n s m i s s i o n in mobile sys.
› Why Transmission?
› To make a call you need a network coverage which secure
access for the mobile (A) to network to find the destination mobile
(B) and establish the BSC connection and make the belling and
etc. For the GSM site to be connected with the BSC it needs E1
channel which is achieved by the Transmission like Microwave
link for example.
MW link
MW link
TN B
TN A BSC E1
RBS
B
A
RBS
B
A
T r a n s m i s s i o n in mobile sys.
Radio Station Core Network
Transmission
E1
2G (GSM) RBS
(TDM)
Abis interface. BSC
DUG
Eth
3G (WCDMA) NodeB Iub interface. RNC
DUW
(IP)
eNodeB Eth
4G (LTE) (IP)
S1 interface. MME
DUL
Traffi protocol
c
type

PDH
› PDH protocol: (plesiochronous digital hierarchy) is a
technology used in telecom to transport large quantities of
data over digital transport equipment via fiber optics or
Microwave Radio.
› PDH standards:
– E1 (Europe).
– T1 (America).
– J1 (Japan).
› E1 is the PHD form or standard which is used in Europe. Its
used in our country as well. E1 based on that the transmitted
frame consisted of 32 time slots. So the E1 capacity is
2.048mbps, so if you have been gotten an E1 cable that’s
means you can transmit or receive 2 millions bit during each
second.
› PDH traffic could be either TDM or packet over PDH.
SDH
› SDH protocol: (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a
technology used in telecom to synchronously transport very
large quantities of data over digital transport equipment via
fiber optics or Microwave Radio, based on STM1 standard.
› STM1 capacity = 155.52 Mbit/s = 63 E1. so we can
transport a traffic of 63 E1 via one STM1 cannel.
SDH frame

M i c r o w a v e (MW) r a d i o s y s t e m
› What is MW Communications? Is a wireless TRM system that
use very short wave length Radio signals. wave length is (0.1-
30cm) so it using very high frequency (300MHz to 300GHz), its
similar to radio communications, but MW like visible light, unlike
Radio communications its blocked by obstacles, they need a clear
path to reach their destination. Mounting Antennas up on a high level
like tower offers a clear line-of-sight (LOS) to opposite site, its
commonly used for point to point communication.
› In other words A microwave link is a communications system that uses
a beam of Radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit
information between two fixed locations on the earth.

M i c r o w a v e (MW) c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
› A point to point Microwave link: is a link between two sites (say A
& B), one site we call it Terminal the direct link between A and B
we call it a “hop”, each site consisted of two parts:
– Outdoor Part (OD): which is the Radio Unit (RU).
– Indoor Part (ID): which is Modem Unit (MU).
– parabolic Antenna which is the air interface or passive part.
– Radio or IF cable or feeder. Which connects the ID with OD.
› In some MW systems like Backbone equipment's the RU is
located near the ID unit and connected with the Antenna by long
wave guide.
› In order the radio signal to be transmitted between the two sites:
– we need to have a clear path (obstacle free) between these two sites
which we call it line-of-sight (LOS) condition which is checked during survey
stage.
– nearby enough distance to the opposite site as according to the link design.

One Radio Terminal
Radio Terminal
Outdoor part
Radio cable
Indoor part
One Terminal

One Radio h o p
Far End Terminal
Near End Terminal

Propagation Problems
Refraction, multiple paths

Losses in Fresnel
area
Losses due to rainfall
Losses due to obstruction
Multiple paths
Losses due to Terrain

› Adaptive Modulation: The use of adaptive modulation
allows MW system to choose the highest order modulation
depending on the current conditions.
Increasing modulation makes the radio more sensitive to
rain and multi-path fading but gives higher capacity.
› ATPC Mode: ATPC is used to automatically adjust the
transmit power in order to maintain the received input level
at the far-end terminal at a target value. ATPC compensates
for the fading condition. the transmit power can be increased
rapidly during fading conditions and allows the transmitter to
operate at less than the maximum power during normal
path
conditions. The low transmit power allows more efficient use
of the available spectrum.

Microwave links protection
Types of MW links:
– Non protected link (1+0): is the normal hardware
setting which is one RAU, one Antenna, one MMU each
terminal.
RAU RAU
MMU MMU
Protected Link (1+1):

There is many modes for this type of
protection:

M i c r o w a v e (MW) c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
A- Hot standby 1+1 (one active, one standby) its for
(Hardware protection) one transmitter is working while the
other one is in standby, that is not transmitting but ready to
transmit if the active transmitter malfunctions. Both RAUs
are receiving signals and the best signal is used.
1+1 two RAUs and one ant. Using “integrated power splitter”
(PS)

H o t s t a n d b y 1+1 t w o RAU t w o
Ant.
› Here no need for the integrated power slitter.
RAU RAU
RAU RAU
MMU MMU
MMU MMU

B- Working standby (frequency diversity) to protect the signal
propagation from fading, mainly to overcome frequency
interference both radio paths are active in parallel using different
frequencies.
f1 f1
RA RA
U U
f2 f2
RAU RAU
MMU2 K MMU2 K
MMU2 K MMU2 K

3- Space Diversity: to overcome the MW reflection, so
protect the link against the propagation fading which
caused from wave refraction. The signal is received over two
propagation
different paths by using multiple receiving antennas. Actually its just
like a 1+1 hot standby but with antennas spacing.
Main Ant.
RAU RAU
spacing
RAU RAU
Receive
Diversity Ant. only
MMU2 K MMU2 K
MMU2 K MMU2 K

4- Dual Polarization (2+0 XPIC): Multiple versions of a
signal are transmitted and received via antennas with
different polarization. Other common using for this
combination to duplicate the link capacity. Two RAUs are
integrated with the Dual Band Ant. (HPX/SHPX) by the
mechanical part which called “Integration Kit”.
f RAU RAU
f
V V
f f
RAU H H RAU
Dual Pol.
MMU2 K MMU2 K
XPIC XPIC
MMU2 K MMU2 K
Traffic protection:
› 1- (1+1 E1 SNCP): is a protection mechanism used for
traffic protection on E1 level It is based on the simple
principle that one E1 traffic is transmitted on two separate
E1 connections. The two E1’s are from the same link or
from two links at the same direction like Dual polarization
or the comely using is from two different links routed
through one ring.
› LAG (Ethernet protection): used to backup Ethernet traffic
which is coming from two different physical ports at the TN
or from two different links usually a part of one ring.
› MSP (1+1 STM1 for SDH): is a protection mechanism used
for traffic protection on STM1, between two nodes of SDH
traffic.
› MSP Example: if we have two copy of one STM1 in Node
site and need to implement MSP protection.
Some MW TRM protection Techniques:
› In this example I will assume that one STM1 coming from
backbone MW Ring and the other coming from the
optical Ring and both carrying the same traffic, in case
one of them goes down the other still carrying the traffic.
MSP Example:
LTU 155e/o
MSP protection Node Site
LTU 155e/o
ADM
Patch cord fibers

Traffic protection in MW Ring topology:
SNCP Example:
BSC
B
E1 B
MW Ring C SNCP protection

A
E1 D
E1
DUG

Traffic protection in MW Ring Topology:
LAG Example:
RNC
B
WAN B
MW Ring C LAG protection

A
WAN D Ethernet
DUW

MW Antenna Facts
› MW Antenna types:
– Single polarization antenna.
– Dual polarization antenna.
› MW Antenna common sizes: is presented by reflector diameter it
start from 0.2m : 0.2, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.7. . .
› MW Antenna gain determined by the Antenna size, the higher the
antenna size the higher gain.
› MW antenna Band is determined by the internal feeder.
› As much as the link path is long the frequency is low, so we
need
bigger antenna to get more gain.

MW Antenna
› 0.9m Dual Pol. MW Antenna parts
Reflector
Sun cover
Feeder
Integration kit
Mounting set

R a d i o u n i t (Rau)
› The integrated MINI-LINK TN radio terminals provides
microwave Radio transmission operating within the 7 to 38
GHz frequency bands, utilizing C-QPSK and 16QAM,
128QAM modulation schemes.

R a d i o u n i t (Rau)
› RAU operating spectrum allocation. Will take an example
case of RAU operating on 15GHz band with channel
spacing of 28MHz:

R a d i o u n i t (Rau) S u b b a n d c o n c e p t
› RAU operating spectrum allocation diagram.
› Each Band have many sub-bands and on each sub-bands
there is high and low RAUs
A11/A15 Sub Band
15GHz Band
H range (A15)
28MHz 28MHz
ch1 ch2 ch1' ch2 '

Tx freq. 14417 14445 14907 14935
Duplex space

R a d i o u n i t (Rau) S u b b a n d c o n c e p t

Antenna Alignment
› To have a functioning MW link for the first time you need:
› first to have the minimum required ID and OD hardware fully
installed and commissioned and configured at both ends and
powered up.
› Clear hop path (there is LOS).
› Alignment: it’s the process of positioning the two facing each other
antennas in the point to point MW links to tune the azimuths and
tilts until get as best as receive signals at both terminals MMU’s.
› Be sure to turn off the ATPC function during the alignment, and the
transmitter is on.
› If Far-End terminal is off or not transmitting and you receive
some RSL that’s means you are facing an signal interference.
› If the polarization in the near-end and far-end are not the same
then its impossible to achieve the full RSL. (RSL around -65dBm)
› If there are some obstacle in hop path this will reduce the
max achieved RSL. (Need to check LOS)

Antenna Alignment
AGC Formula:
AGC (v) = (RSL-120)/40
RSL(dBm)= (AGC*40)-120
Where: AGC : Automatic GAIN
control and RSL: Receive signal
level
(RX level)
Alignment Port (AGC)
Antenna Radiation Patterns

Alignment
Side to side lobe

No any RSL< -96dBm
AGC<0.6V
Side to main lobe

Small RSL ≈ -70dBm
AGC ≈ 1.2
Main to main lobe

Alignment done properly
If RSL = -40dBm (as ex.)
AGC=2V

Radio Terminal troubleshooting loops :
› IF Loop: In the MMU the traffic signal to be transmitted
› is, after being modulated, mixed with the frequency
of a local oscillator and looped back for demodulation in
the same MMU and this will test MMU functionality.
› RF Loop: In the RAU for the transmitted RF signal is looped
back to the receiving part of the same RAU. This will test
the RAU functionality.
› RX loop which mentioned before, the E1s in the traffic
connection is looped back to the Radio path. This to verify
the communication over the radio path.

Traffic Routing and Aggregation
› A MW hub site’s main function is to collect traffic carried
over MW links from many sites and to aggregate it into a
higher capacity transmission link to the core network.
› In Past the Mini-link E was do the aggregation and traffic
routing by external cross-connection equipment and using
DDF.
› Now MINI-LINK TN provides a very easy traffic routing by
doing the cross-connections in the backplane.
› Each plug-in unit connects nxE1 to the backplane, where
the traffic is cross connected to another plug-in unit.

Traffic Routing and Aggregation
Hub site Fibers

STM1
Ethernet
SDH
ADM

MINI-LINK TN M i c r o w a v e
› OD is presented by the RAU (Radio access unit) and the
Antenna.
› ID is presented by MMU (Modem Module Unit) which is plugged
in AMM (Access Module Magazine).
› RAU is remotely connected with the MMU by coaxial copper
cable which is called (Radio or IF cable).

M i n i - l i n k TN s y s t e m
› The Access Module Magazine: Houses the plugin
units and provides backplane interconnection of
traffic, power and control signals.
› One plug-in unit occupies one slot in the AMM.
› The AMM fits into standard 19" or metric racks
and cabinets.
The Common Plugins:
› Node Processor Unit (NPU): Handles the system's
main traffic and control functions. Also provide
traffic and management interfaces.
› Line Termination Unit (LTU): A plug-in unit that
provides PDH or SDH traffic interfaces.
M i n i - l i n k TN s y s t e m
› Modem Unit (MMU): The indoor part of a Radio
Terminal, This plug-in unit determines the
traffic capacity and modulation scheme of the
Radio Terminal.
› Power Filter Unit (PFU): Filters the external
power and distributes the internal power to the
plug-in units via the backplane.
› Fan Unit (FAU): Provides cooling for the indoor
part.
NPU and PFU is a mandatory module for
the AMM to run, and for the ventilation we
need the FAU.

NPU n o d e p r o c e s s o r u n i t

Plugins units

Plugins units

Plugins units

Plugins units

Plugins units

Plugins units

ML-TN s o m e F a c t s
› Plug-in units can be inserted while the NE is in operation.
This enables adding new Radio Terminals or other plug-in units
without disturbing existing traffic.
› Plug-in units can be removed from the NE while it is in
operation, each plug-in unit has a Board Removal button
(BR), pressing this button causes a request for removal to be
sent to the control system.
› When changing a plug-in unit, the new plug-in unit
automatically gets the same configuration as the previous.
› The configuration is stored in a non-volatile ROM on the
NPU.
› ML-TN offers a removable memory module (RMM) which
copy all configuration, in case the NPU damages you will put
this RMM inside the new NPU and restore the configuration.
› Also the configuration can be backedup and restored
using a local or remote FTP server.
› When an RAU or MMU is replaced, no new setup has to be
done.
› Various restarts can be ordered from the management: A
cold restart can be initiated for a TN or single plug-in unit.
This type of restart is traffic disturbing. A warm restart is only
available for the whole TN. This will restart the control
system and will not affect the traffic. This is possible due to
the separated control and traffic system in the ML TN.
› All plug-in units are equipped with temperature sensors.
When a plug-in exceed limit Temp thresholds, it will be put in
reduced service or out of service by the control system. This
is to avoid hardware failures in case of a fan failure.
› The plug-in unit is automatically taken into normal operation
when temperature is back below the high threshold.
D a t a C o m m u n i c a t i o n N e t w o r k (DCN)
› MINI-LINK TN support DCN functions for management
and communication with each Network Element for setting of
configuration parameters and for collection of status and
performance monitoring.
› ML TN support many types of DCN traffic: over HCC, over
E1 traffic and by VLAN over IP traffic. And IP Routing
mechanisms:
– Open Short Path First (OSPF), which is normally used for
routers within the MINI-LINK TN domain.
– Static routing
– DCN-LAN (by VLAN )

M i n i - l i n k TN I m p l e m e n t a t i o n
› ID installation: the AMM need to be housed in a 19” rack or cabinet and
fixed by four cage nuts set.
› The AMM must be Grounded by the AMM earth Cable
provided with the AMM.
› Fit the needed plug-in units, NPU and One PFU is mandatory for the
AMM to RUN and Function then you can fit any plug-in you need
during operation of the AMM.
› install the DC power Cable and test it before you connect it to the
PFU.
› Switch on the circuit breaker and wait until the AMM fully loaded (NPU
power LED is green and the other LEDs are OFF).
› Start MINI-LINK TN commissioning by perform the initial setup.

M i n i - l i n k TN i n i t i a l s e t u p
› To login into AMM you need “MINI-LINK Craft” installed
› On your laptop and an enough long “USB to Mini USB”
cable. Also to have latest SBL (customer dependent).
› Jawwal will use the SBL: “MINI-LINK TN 5.4 FP.2
R32K123”
O&M
AMM
Plugins
Radio
links

› right click on the NE

in the Management
Tree, click Initial
Setup.
› If you are still
beginner in ML TN its
recommended to
use this page for
configuration.

ML TN configurations:
› Configuration Pre-Check.
› Basic NE configuration.
› Radio link configuration.
› E1 Traffic Routing.
› Ethernet traffic Routing.
› SDH configuration.
› DCN configuration (management).
› VLAN’s configuration.
› E1/Ethernet traffic protection.
› Quality of services configuration (QoS).

C o n f i g u r a t i o n Pre-Check.
› To verify the Software Baseline (SBL) level, right click on
› the NE in the Management Tree. Choose the
Tools>inventory

S o f t w a r e Baseline Upgrade
› You must have the required Software Baseline files stored
on your Laptop disk drive on correct path.

› If you found that the SBL is not as the required so you Need to
upgrade the Base line.
› In the MINI-LINK Craft, on the horizontal main menu, click Tools
and click on FTP Server in New Window. Click on the Start
button when the Craft FTP server screen appears.

› In the left panel, Right Click on the NE name under MINI-LINK Craft
Menu. Scroll to Tools on the list. Choose Software Upgrade and
choose Software Upgrade again.
› Be sure to deactivate any “Firewall” before use the FTP.


› Select manual confirmation as it’s the recommended option.
Then select when you need the Activation be done.

› Giving summary, be sure that you did the correct.

› Software downloading progress.

So f t w a r e Baseline Upgrade
› Software downloading finished you need to click close to
go to the next step..

› Click "Activate Upgrade“ then Click "Save" on the upper
› left toolbar.
Click
1
› During the activation the TN will be restarted. After your laptop
reconnected to the TN right click the NE in the Management
Tree menu. Choose Tools, Software Upgrade -> Software
Upgrade. The "Confirm Software Upgrade" page appears.
Click yes if you want to permanently activate the new SBL and
you found that the every things are functioning properly and
then be sure to click save.
› If you didn’t do this step
and save it the ML-TN
system Will Automatically
revert back to the previous
SBL after 15mimutes
› Finally Verify that the
software baseline has
been upgraded by review
the Inventory as explained
at beginning.
› All the Plugins that installed in the AMM during the upgrade
session will be automatically upgraded/downgraded according
to the new SBL.
› In case you want to plug a new plugin to the AMM the if the SBL
for the board is not as the AMM SBL the board LED will slowly
blink and indicates that it need Software upgrade, by same
previous steps to upgrade but here select upgrade modules.
› Another easy way to upgrade a new plugged plugin is
by following the below steps:
› 1- before you plug the plugin unit like MMU, first make sure
that there is remotely active FTP server having the desired
SBL either this server are remotely in the MSM or locally on
your laptop.
› 2- plug the Module and wait a while. If the connection to
the server succeeded then the new SBL will be
automatically downloaded to the Plugin board ROM.
Basic NE c o n f i g u r a t i o n
On the left tree, Right Click on the NE name under MINI- LINK
Craft Menu. Scroll to Configure on the list. Select Basic NE.
Site Specific Info

Radio l i n k c o n f i g u r a t i o n
Configure the MW link parameters as according to the link specific
design to be ready for hop alignment. Be sure to turn off the ATPC
function during the alignment, and the transmitter is on.

During alignment monitoring.
RSL monitoring
LOOPS
Alarms list

During alignment if there is any concern, MINI-LINK TN provides a
many loop functions for troubleshooting.

Radio l i n k
configuration
Radio Link performance monitoring.

DCN c o n f i g u r a t i o n
On the left tree, Right Click on the NE name under MINI- LINK
(OSPF)
Craft Menu. Scroll to Configure on the list and select DCN.

Traffic routing

Traffic routing
› Traffic routing is the way to interconnect the traffic modules at
The E1 level (cross-connection) in the backplane. by select the two
traffic modules then select an E1 from each module and assign
them for cross-connection.

SDH c o n f i g u r a t i o n
Which is done on “LTU 155e/o” and SDH MMU’s like MMU2 F &
MMU 3B.

Bit Error Testing :
› TN has a built-in Bit Error Ratio Tester (BERT) in
all plug-in units carrying traffic. The BERT is used for
measuring performance on E1 interfaces according to ITU
standard O.151. As with loop tests, bit error testing may be
used for system verification or for fault location.

Bit Error Rate (BER) Testing :

Traffic Loops:
Loops can be used to verify that the transmission system
is working properly or used for faulty unit troubleshooting or
to check an interface. The following loop types are
available on all plug-in units that carry traffic (NPU, LTU,
and MMU):
› Connection Loop: This loop can be initiated for an E1 or
STM-1 (63xE1). Each E1 in the traffic connection is looped
in the TDM bus back to its origin.
› Rx Loop: The loop is done in the plug-in unit close to the
TDM bus, where a group of E1s in the traffic connection is
looped back to its origin
› Line Loop: Loops an incoming line signal back to its
origin.
The loop is done in the plug-in unit, close to the line
interface.
› Local Loop:| Loops a line signal
Khalil Al-Alami | 8-May-2017 Page 77 received from the TDM bus
Loops:

VLAN’s c o n f i g u r a t i o n
VLAN configuration steps:
› 1- Activate the Ethernet switch: when you select the switch mode
and save the switch ports will be available in the management
tree.

› 2- Configure the RL-IME: Choose Packet Link will become RL-IME
Then the WAN will automatic appear in the tree.

› 3- Go to this WAN and assign a port from the ports list, this will
connect this WAN with the Switch.

4- Configure LAN and LAN-DCN: same like WAN but here the
We must configure the port role as well because LAN port will be
connected to the NodeB.

4- Configure the LAN-DCN: same like LAN but deferent Port role
In VLAN configuration LAN-DCN need to define the untagged port

4- Configure the LAN-DCN: same like LAN but deferent Port role

6- Add the Traffic and management VLANs to the Ethernet then
Switch and map the ports.


Ethernet protection
(LAG)
Open the LAG configuration page.

Ethernet protection
› Check the switch port associated with each LAN or WAN.
(LAG)
› Add row then select master and membered ports

Testing the connectivity
› By using the command line window test the connectivity by ping
the default gateway IP address which is the router IP address. If its
pingable then you are done.

MINI-LINK TN
› Ericsson ML-TN offers a lot of commands to show and configure
CLI
› The ML-TN remotely even if there is no DCN configured.
› Without DCN configured you can access by GUI (MINI-LINK
Craft) only the far-end terminal through HCC. But you cant access
any other site in the network. However, still you can access and
configure by CLI commands on telnet environment.
• By CLI you can show the TN

(AMM) by the below command:
>TN-180#sh subrack 1

Save re por t
It is very important procedure before you start work in an existing
ML-TN to save “Report”. By go to Tools then Select Report, then
wait a while, ML-TN will generate *.htm format report containing the
inventory and all the configurations and information. Below is a
report I saved it during the survey.

Backup/download configuration
› ML-TN provide this useful function which give you the ability to
backup the configuration either remotely or locally and load it back to
the TN incase the NPU damaged and save time instead you repeat the
configuration. You can save the generated file to either locally to your
Laptop or remotely to some FTP server in the Management office.
From the Same menu of Tools select “load configuration”

Thank you
Khalil Al-Alami
› XPIC
Implementation.
› XPD alignment.
› Interference Test

Transmission &: Minilink TN System

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Transmission &

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Far End Terminal

Near End Terminal

Refraction, multiple paths

Losses due to rainfall

Losses due to obstruction

Losses due to Terrain

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Protected Link (1+1):

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MW Ring C SNCP protection

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MW Ring C LAG protection

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A11/A15 Sub Band

ch1 ch2 ch1' ch2 '

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Alignment Port (AGC)

Antenna Radiation Patterns

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Side to side lobe

Side to main lobe

Main to main lobe

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