METHOD TO

CALCULATE
EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONS
NAME : FARHAH FAUZIYYAH
NIM : 210109511001
PRODI : PEND. GEOGRAFI ICP
 WHAT IS EVAPOTRANSPIRATION?

Evapotranspiration is the combination of

evaporation and transpiration of plants living on
the earth's surface. Water that is evaporated by
plants is released into the atmosphere. Evaporation
is the movement of water into the air from various
sources such as soil, roofs, and bodies of water.
Evapotranspiration (ET) states the total amount of
water that enters the atmosphere back through the
process of evaporation (E) and transpiration (T).
How to Calculate
Evapotranspiration?
 Penman Monteith Method
The Penman-Monteith method FAO-56 PM (1998) is a standard model that has been established by FAO. Several
studies show that this model provides the most accurate estimates. FAO recommends its use to estimate standard
evapotranspiration rates to estimate water requirements for plants (Manik et al., 2012). However, this model is
complex because it requires a large amount of meteorological observation data. The FAO 56 method requires data
on maximum air temperature (Tmax), minimum air temperature (Tmin), maximum and minimum relative humidity
(RH), wind speed at a height of 2 m, and solar radiation data for accurate Eto estimation (Nikam et al., 2014). FAO
56 Penman Monteith method determines daily evapotranspiration using the formula:
Information:
Eto = reference evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Rn = net solar radiation (MJ/m2)
G = ground heat flux (MJ/m2)
Tmean = average air temperature (ºC)
u2 = average wind speed at a height of 2 m (m/s)
es= saturated water vapor pressure (kPa)
ea = actual water vapor pressure (kPa)
Δ= slope of water vapor pressure (kPa/ºC)
Y = psychometric constant (kPa/ºC) (Allen et al., 1998).
 Penman Method
The Penman method (1948) was originally developed to determine the
rate of evaporation on exposed surfaces. This method is also used to
determine the potential evapotranspiration of a vegetation stand by
utilizing microclimate data obtained from the surface of the vegetation
being studied. Can be calculated using the formula:
Information:
Eto = reference evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Δ= slope of water vapor pressure (kPa/ºC)
Qn = net solar radiation (MJ/m2)
Y= psychometer constant (kPa/ºC)
f(u) = aerodynamic function,
(es – ea) = vapor pressure deficit for vpd (Pa)
Y= psychometer constant (kPa/ºC)
λ = specific heat of vaporization (2.454 MJ/kg).
 Blaney Criddle Method

The Blaney Criddle method (1950) is the simplest method of calculating

evapotranspiration which was widely used before the Penman Monteith
method was introduced. This method is only based on changes in
temperature in a place to determine evapotranspiration (Nikam et al.,
2014). This method is widely used in semi-arid and arid (dry) climates
(Lang et al., 2017). The formula:
Information
ETo = reference evapotranspiration (mm/day),
Tmean = daily mean air temperature (ºC),
p = annual mean daily percentage of daylight
 Hargreaves dan Samani Method

The method of Hargreaves and Samani (1985) to determine the reference

evapotranspiration (Eto) is widely used in areas with limited climatic data. This
method uses a radiation database, the formula is as follows:

Information:
Eto = reference evapotranspiration (mm/day),
Tmean = daily mean air temperature (ºC),
Ra = extraterrestrial solar radiation (MJ/m2),
TD = difference between maximum and minimum temperature
(ºC)
 Makkink Method

Makkink (1957) presented the Eto method easily using the elements
of temperature and sunlight.

Information:
Eto = reference evapotranspiration (mm/day),
Rs = daily solar radiation (W/m2),
γ= psychometer constant (kPa/ºC),
λ= latent heat of vaporization (MJ/kg)
 Turc Method
The Turc method (1961) is one of the simplest methods and an accurate empirical equation for determining
evapotranspiration. This method was first used in southern France and northern Africa. This method builds
on the climatic conditions in Western Europe. The climate data used are solar radiation, air temperature and
humidity (Diouf et al., 2016)

When the RH is below 50% the formula used:.

Information:
Eto = reference evapotranspiration (mm/day),
Tmean = daily mean air temperature (ºC),
When the RH is above 50% the formula used:
Rs = daily solar radiation (MJ/m2),
RH = average humidity (%).
 Thornwaite Method
Thornwaite's (1948) method is easy because it only uses monthly mean temperature data, unlike
other methods that require complex climate data. This method was introduced in the Central and
Eastern US with wet climatic conditions (Lang et al., 2017). Generally, this method produces an
underestimate value in dry areas and vice versa overestimate values in alkaline areas

Where
ETo = reference evapotranspiration
(mm/day)
I= the monthly mean temperature and
N = the monthly average solar
irradiance
 Priestley Taylor Method

The method of Priestley Taylor (1972) was used for wet areas, so
it was conditioned as potential evapotranspiration. This method is
based on the energy balance (Arya et al., 2017). Formula used:

Information:
ETo = reference evapotranspiration
(mm/day),
Rn = net solar radiation (MJ/m2),
G = ground heat flux (MJ/m2),
Δ= slope of water vapor pressure (kPa/ºC),
γ= psychometer constant (kPa) /ºC) and
λ= latent heat of vaporization (MJ/kg).
THANK YOU