RADIOLOGIC

PHYSICS
 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF
MATTER AND ENERGY
MATTER

 Anything that occupies space & has mass/weight

 Can be transformed from one size, shape & form to
another

ICE  WATER  VAPOR

 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF
MATTER AND ENERGY
MASS WEIGHT
 The quantity of matter  The force exerted on a body
(constant) under the influence of gravity

 Described by its energy  Measured in: Newton (N) or

equivalence pounds (lb)

 Measured in: kilogram (kg)

TAKENOTE!!!

The primary distinguishing

characteristic of matter
 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF
MATTER AND ENERGY
ENERGY
 The ability to do work
 Can be transformed from one form of energy to another
 Cannot be created or destroyed
 SI unit: Joule
 In Radiology: electron volt (eV)
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MATTER

It states that matter may be

transformed from one form to
another but cannot be created or
destroyed
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
It states that energy may be
transformed from one form to
another but cannot be created or
destroyed

Total amount of energy is constant

 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF
MATTER AND ENERGY
THEORY OF RELATIVITY

 Albert Einstein
 States that mass and
energy are
interchangeable

 Mass-energy
equivalence equation:
E=mc2
 7 KINDS OF ENERGY

POTENTIAL ENERGY

Energy at rest
 7 KINDS OF ENERGY

KINETIC ENERGY

Energy of motion
 7 KINDS OF ENERGY

CHEMICAL ENERGY

Energy released by a
chemical reaction
 7 KINDS OF ENERGY

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Movement of electron
through an electric potential
difference (V)
 7 KINDS OF ENERGY

THERMAL/HEAT ENERGY

Energy in motion at the

molecular level
 7 KINDS OF ENERGY

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Energy contained within the

nucleus of an atom
 7 KINDS OF ENERGY

ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY

Energy used in an

x-rays, radio waves,

microwaves visible light
Atomic structure
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

ATOM

Fundamental building blocks

of matter

Smallest particle of an
element

Neutral charged
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

MOLECULES

Group of atoms bonded

together

Smallest particle of a
compound
 CHEMICAL BONDING
COVALENT BOND IONIC BOND
 The chemical union  The bonding that
between atoms occurs because of
formed by sharing an electrostatic force
one or more pairs of between ions
electrons
 Example: NaCl
 Example: H2O  Na: Z=11
 H: Z=1  Cl: Z=17
 O: Z=8
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ELEMENT COMPOUND
A pure chemical  Composed of two or
substance more elements
chemically linked
 Distinguish by its Z
(number of protons)  Examples:
 H2O
 Examples:  BaSO4
 W 74
 Ba 56 TAKENOTE!!!
112 identified
92 naturally occurring
20 artificially produced
PERIODIC TABLE
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC MASS
UNIT NUMBER (A)
 The mass of a neutral atom of  Used when precision is not
an element required

 Expresses the mass of the  # of protons + # of neutrons in

atom the nucleus

 Symbol: amu  Symbol: A

 1 amu = ½ the mass of  Formula: protons + neutrons
carbon-12 atom
 ATOMIC NOMENCLATURE

ATOMIC MASS
NUMBER
 Number protons plus
number of neutrons
 Symbol: A
 ATOMIC NOMENCLATURE
CHEMICAL SYMBOLS

 The alphabetic
abbreviations of an element

ATOMIC NUMBER

 Number of Protons
 Symbol: Z
 2 MAIN PARTS OF THE ATOM

NUCLEUS

 Central core of an atom

 Contains nucleon
 Contains nearly all mass of
the atom
 Positively charged
 TWO FORCES ACTING ON
NUCLEUS

NUCLEON BINDING
REPULSIVE FORCE FORCE

Holds an atomic
Occurs between nucleus together
the protons due to neutron
 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

MEANING ATTRACT/REPEL EXPRESSED BY

Acts in a MASS
through an
GRAVITATIONAL
associated Attract only Newton’s Law
FORCE
GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD

Acts in a CHARGE
ELECTROSTATIC through an
Attract & repel Coulomb’s Law
FORCE associated
ELECTRIC FIELD

Acts in a POLE
through an
MAGNETIC FORCE associated Attract & repel Gauss’s Law
MAGNETIC FIELD
PHYSICAL FORCES IN NATURE
TYPE DESCRIPTION

Gravitational Binds earth to the sun

Weak Involved in beta decay

Binds electrons and

Electrostatic
protons in atoms

Binds protons and neutrons

Strong
in the nucleus
 FIELDS
The interactions among different
FIELD energies, forces or masses

It governs the interaction of

Gravitational Field different MASSES

It governs the interactions of

Electric Field electrostatic CHARGES

It governs the interactions of

Magnetic Field magnetic POLES
 2 MAIN PARTS OF THE ATOM

ORBITAL SHELL
 Composed of electrons
 7 shells: K, L, M, N, O, P, Q
 Each shell represents different
electron binding energy (Eb)
 ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
 NUMBER OF ELECTRONS (outermost shell of an
atom)

= GROUP in the periodic table

= determines the VALENCE of an atom

 NUMBER OF OUTERMOST ELECTRON SHELL

= PERIOD in the periodic table
 ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT

MAXIMUM ELECTRONS PER SHELL

 Formula: 2n2
 n = shell number (principal quantum number)
OCTET RULE
 TWO FORCES ACTING ON AN
ELECTRON
Centripetal Force
 Center-seeking force
 The force that keeps an
electron in orbit

Centrifugal Force
 Flying-out-from-the-center
force
 The force that causes an
electron to travel straight and
leave the atom
 ELECTRON BINDING ENERGY
 The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus
 Symbol: Eb
 The energy required to completely remove an electron from
an atom

 The closer to the nucleus, the higher the Eb

 Inner shell: higher/larger Eb
 Outer shell: lower/smaller Eb
 3 FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ELECTRON PROTON NEUTRON

LOCATION Orbital shell Nucleus Nucleus

MASS Lightest - Heaviest

Negative Positive Neutral

CHARGED

-1 +1 0

John Joseph
DISCOVERED BY James Chadwick Eugene Goldstein
Thomson
CONCEPT OF
THE ATOM
 ANCIENT GREEKS
 “Atomos” means indivisible
 Four substances: earth,
water, air, & fire

 Four Essences: wet, dry,

hot, & cold
 DALTON ATOM

JOHN DALTON

“HOOK-AND-EYE AFFAIR”
 THOMSON ATOM
JOHN JOSEPH THOMSON

“PLUM PUDDING”

 Plum: electrons
 Pudding: a shapeless
mass of positive
electrification
 RUTHERFORD ATOM

ERNEST RUTHERFORD

“NUCLEAR MODEL”

“ALPHA SCATTERING
EXPERIMENT”
 BOHR ATOM

NEILS BOHR

“MINIATURE SOLAR SYSTEM”

RADIOACTIVITY
RADIOACTIVE
ATOM
 RADIOACTIVERADIOACTIVE
ATOM
DECAY/DISINTEGRATIO
N
Process by which the nucleus
RADIOACTIVITY spontaneously emits particles
& energy and transformed
Rate of decay/disintegration of itself into another type of atom
radioactive material to reach stability

Expressed in: Curie

SI unit: Becquerel Parent: the original nuclei
Daughter: the resulting nuclei
 STABLE NUCLEI
 Stable low atomic mass (A) nuclides
 # of protons = # of neutrons
 Examples:
 C-12 has 6 protons & 6 neutrons

 Stable high atomic mass (A) nuclides

 # of neutrons > # of protons
 Example:
 W-74 has 74 protons & 110 neutrons
 UNSTABLE NUCLEI
 Unstable nuclei are called radionuclides
 Very heavy radionuclides (Z>82) tend to be unstable
 They undergo nuclear transformation
 Total energy, mass number, electric charge are
conserved
 NUCLEAR ARRANGEMENTS
ISOTOPES
 Atomic nuclei that
have
 same atomic number (Z)
 Different atomic mass
number (A)
 Different neutron number
ISOBAR
 Atomic nuclei that
have
 Different atomic number (Z)
 Same atomic mass number
(A)
 Different neutron number

 Examples:  Examples:
 130I & 131I  131I & 131Xe
 NUCLEAR ARRANGEMENTS
ISOTONE ISOMER
 Atomic nuclei that  Atomic nuclei that
have have
 Different atomic number (Z)  Same atomic number (Z)
 Same atomic mass number
 Different atomic mass (A)
number (A)
 Same neutron number
 Same neutron number
 Different energy state
 Examples:  Examples:
 130I & 131Xe  99mTc  99Tc + gamma ray
 NUCLEAR ARRANGEMENTS

ATOMIC MASS NEUTRON

ARRANGEMENTS ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
NUMBER (A) NUMBER

isotoPe Same Different Different

isobAr Different Same Different

isotoNe Different Different Same

isomEr Same Same Same

MODES OF
DECAY
 ALPHA DECAY
 Radionuclides emits  N - 2
alpha particle (heavy
particles)
 Consisting of 2p + 2n
 Nucleus of helium
atom
 Results in:
 Z-2
 A–4
 ALPHA DECAY
 Z > 82 (most common)  Absorbed by: paper
 Energy: 4-7 MeV
 Least penetrating
 <0.1 mm (tissue)

 External source: little

risk
 Internal source: high
risk (ingested, inhaled,
injected)
 BETA MINUS DECAY
 Negatron emission  Emission of antineutrino

 Occurs in: neutron-

rich (proton-deficient)
nuclei
 1n1p
 Results in:
 Z+1
 A = constant/same
 N-1
 Emission of negatron
 BETA MINUS DECAY
 Radionuclides process

produced in nuclear
reactor
 by adding neutron to
stable nuclei

 Example:
 59Co+neutron  60Co

 Reactor-produced
radionuclides
 Decay by a beta minus
 BETA PLUS DECAY
 Positron emission  Emission of neutrino

 Occurs in: neutron-

deficient (proton-rich)
nuclei
 1p1n
 Results in:
 Z-1
 A = constant/same
 N+1
 Emission of positron
 BETA PLUS DECAY
 Radionuclides capture (123I)

produced in cyclotron
 by adding charged-
particle to stable nuclei

 Example: 68Zinc + 0β+

68Ga  30
 201Hg+deuteron  201Tl 31
+1
 Cyclotron-produced
radionuclides
 Decay by a beta plus
process (15O) or electron
 ELECTRON CAPTURE
 K-capture
 Occurs in: neutron-
deficient (protons-rich)
nuclei
 1p1n
 By capturing electron
(most likely in the K-
shell)

 Results in:
 Z–1
 A = constant/same
 N+1
 ELECTRON CAPTURE
 Emission of characteristic x-
rays
 Emission of Auger (o-zhay)
electron

 Auger process: the

process of removing
electron by a characteristic
x-rays within an atom

 Important e- capture
radionuclides:
 67Ga, 111In, 123I,201Tl & 57Co
 INTERNAL ISOMERIC
CONVERSION TRANSITION
 Inverse photoelectric
 A decay involving
effect
emission of gamma
 Gamma radiation from radiation
the nucleus ejects an
electron on its way out  Example:
 Results in:
99mTc  99Tc + γ
 Emission of characteristic
x-ray
 Emission of Auger
electron
 DAUGHTER NUCLEUS
VALUE
Decay Mode Mass No. Atomic No. Neutron No. Comments

Emits gamma rays;

Isomeric transition A Z N Metastable if half-life is
>10-9 s

Emits negatrons &

Beta minus A Z+1 N–1
antineutrinos

Emits positrons &

Beta plus A Z–1 N+1
neutrinos

Emits neutrinos &

Electron capture A Z–1 N+1
characteristic x-rays

Dominant decay mode for

Alpha decay A–4 Z–2 N–2
Z > 82
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
OF RADIOACTIVE ATOM
 DECAY CONSTANT (λ)
 The rate of decay of radionuclides
 Formula: λ = 0.693/T1/2
 λ = decay constant
 T1/2= half life
 Example: if λ = 25% per second

Amount Remaining
Time Elapsed Original amount
decaying amount
1s 100 mCi 25 mCi 75 mCi
2s 75 mCi 19 mCi 56 mCi
3s 56 mCi 14 mCi 42 mCi
 RADIOACTIVE/PHYSICAL
HALF-LIFE
 The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be
reduced to one-half its original value

 Every radioactive material has its own unique half life

value

 All radioactivity never disappears

 Quantity decreases but never reaches zero
• Formula: T1/2 = 0.693/λ
 RADIOACTIVE DECAY
FORMULA

REMAINING ACTIVITY = ORIGINAL ACTIVITY (0.5)n

n = number of half life

 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

On Monday at 6 am in the
morning, 100 mCi of 99Tc is
present. How much will remain on
the same day at 12 noon?
 SOLUTION
 Given:
 99Tc = 6 hrs (half life)
 Original activity = 100 mCi
 n = 1 (99Tc undergone one half life)
 Formula:
 Remaining Activity = Original Activity (0.5)n
 Solution:
 Remaining Activity = 100 mCi (0.5)1
 Remaining Activity = 50 mCi of 99Tc
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

How many half-lives are

required before a quantity of
radioactive material has decayed
to less than 1% of its original
value?
 RADIOACTIVITY RADIOACTIVITY
HALF LIFE REMAINING REMAINING
(in %age) (in fraction )

0 100% 1

1 50% 1/2

2 25% 1/4

3 12.5% 1/8

4 6.25% 1/16

5 3.125% 1/32

6 1.56% 1/64

7 0.78% 1/128
SAMPLE ELEMENTS AND THEIR
HALF LIFE
ELEMENT HALF LIFE
99Tc 6 hours
131I 8 days
123I 13 hours
223Ra 11 days
226Ra 1600 years
14C 5730 years
192Ir 74 days
60Co 5.26 years
137Cs 30 years
90Sr 28 years
99Mo 66 hours
197Au 2.7 days
 BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE (Tb)
 The time required for the body to eliminate one-half of
the dose of any substances by biological processes
(perspiration, urine, feces, exhalation)

 Most radiopharmaceuticals are also cleared from

organs by various physiologic processes
 EFFECTIVE HALF-LIFE (Te)
 Encompasses both T1/2 and Tb
 Must always shorter than T1/2 & Tb

THE RELATIONSHIP

1/Te= 1/T1/2 + 1/Tb

 EFFECTIVE HALF-LIFE (Te)
 Example: If the radionuclide has a physical half life
of 6 hours and a biologic half life of 3 hours, what is
the effective half life?
 Given: Te = ?; T1/2 = 6; Tb = 3
 Formula: 1/Te= 1/T1/2 + 1/Tb
 Solution:
 1/Te= 1/6+1/3
 1/Te= (1+2)/6
 1/Te= 3/6
 Te= 6/3
 Te= 2 hours
 INTERACTION OF
ELECTRON WITH MATTER
INTERACTION OF
ELECTRON WITH
MATTER
 RADIATION
The transfer of energy
through space

EXPOSED/

IRRADIATED

Matter that intercepts and

absorbs radiation
 RADIATION
IONIZATION
The removal of electron
from the atom

Occurs when incident x-

ray energy is greater
than electron binding
energy
 RADIATION
EXCITATION
Addition of energy to a
system achieved by
raising the energy of
electrons with the use of
x-rays

Occurs when incident x-

ray energy less than
electron binding energy
 IONIZING RADIATION
 Any type of radiation light
capable of removing
an orbital electron
from the atom with
which it interacts
 RESULTS IN:
 Ion pair
 Characteristic x-rays
 EXAMPLES: x-rays,
gamma rays & UV
 TYPES OF IONIZING
RADIATION
PARTICULATE – with mass and charge
 Alpha radiation
 Beta radiation

ELECTROMAGNETIC – no mass, no charge (photons)

& travel in the speed of light
 Gamma rays
 X-rays
 LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER (LET)
 A measure of the rate at which energy is transferred
from ionizing radiation to soft tissue

 Another method of expressing radiation quality

 Expressed in: keV/μm
 LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER (LET)
 Diagnostic X-rays: 3
keV/μm

 As LET Increases:
 Increases the ability
to produce biologic
damage
 Increases the probability
of interaction with the
target molecule
 ELECTRON
INTERACTION
MECHANISM
 CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION
 It is emitted when an outer-shell electron fills an
inner-shell void
 An interaction with the INNER-SHELL of a target atom
 Energy: very specific

TAKENOTE!!!
Only the K-characteristic x-rays of tungsten are useful for
imaging!
CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION
 BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION
 Slowed down radiation
 It is produced when a projectile electron is slowed by
the electric field of a target atom nucleus

 An interaction with the NUCLEAR FIELD of a target

atom

 It results from BRAKING of projectile electrons by the

nucleus

 Energy: all or none

INTERACTION OF
RADIATION WITH
MATTER
 HALF VALUE LAYER
 The thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the
x-ray intensity to half of its original value
 A characteristic of the useful beam
 DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RANGE: 3-5 Al or 3-6 cm of soft tissue

TAKENOTE!!!
The best method for specifying x-ray quality
1 TVL = 3.3 HVL
 ATTENUATION

 The reduction in x-
ray intensity that
results from
absorption &
scattering
 ATTENUATION
 The total reduction in the number of x-rays
remaining in an x-ray beam after
penetration through a given thickness of
tissue
TAKENOTE!!!
X-ray beam quality can be identified by
voltage or filtration, but HVL is most
appropriate!
INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHT &
ABSORBING MATERIAL

TRANSPARENCY
Not at all
(transmission)
e.g. window glass
INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHT &
ABSORBING MATERIAL

TRANSLUCENCY
Partially
(attenuation)
e.g. frosted glass
INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHT &
ABSORBING MATERIAL

OPACITY
Completely
(black glass)
e.g. black glass
 INTERACTION BETWEEN
X-RAYS & STRUCTURE

RADIOLUCENT RADIOPAQUE

The structures that The structures that

transmit x-rays absorb x-rays
e.g. Lung tissue
e.g. bones
 DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION
 Different degrees of absorption in different tissues
 Results: image contrast & formation of the x-ray image
 TAKENOTE!!!
“Differential absorption increases as the kVp is
reduced”

Radiographic Image

It results from approximately 0.5% of the x-rays emitted

by the x-ray tube
THREE TYPES OF X-RAYS IMPORTANT
IN MAKING A RADIOGRAPH
 Those scattered by Compton interaction
 Doesn’t provide diagnostic information
 Result: image noise
 Those absorbed photoelectrically
 Provides diagnostic information
 Appearance: radiopaque
 Those transmitted by the patient without interaction
 Provides diagnostic information
 Appearance: radiolucent
 LINEAR ATTENUATION
COEFFICIENT (cm-1)
 A quantitative measurement of attenuation
per centimeter of absorber
 It tells how much attenuation we can
expect from a certain thickness of tissue
 FIVE WAYS OF X-RAY
INTERACTION WITH MATTER
LOW-ENERGY X-RAY
 It interacts with whole atom

MODERATE-ENERGY X-RAY
 It interacts with electrons

HIGH-ENERGY X-RAY
 It interacts with nuclei
 FIVE WAYS OF X-RAY
INTERACTION WITH MATTER
 COHERENT
 COMPTON
 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
 PAIR PRODUCTION
 PHOTODISINTEGRATION
 COHERENT SCATTERING
 J.J. Thompson
 Classical or Thompson Scattering
 Occur at below 10 keV x-rays
 The incident x-ray interacts with a target atom, causing it to
become excited
 Results:
 Change in x-ray direction
 No change in its energy
 Scattered X-ray λ = Incident X-ray λ
 Scattered X-ray energy = Incident X-ray Energy

 Little importance to diagnostic radiology

COHERENT SCATTERING
 COMPTON EFFECT
 The incident x-ray interacts with the outer-shell electron
& ejects it from the atom

 Compton/Secondary Electron: the ejected electron

 Results:
 Change in x-ray direction
 reduction of its energy
 Scattered X-ray λ > Incident X-ray λ
 Scatter X-ray energy < incident x-ray energy
COMPTON EFFECT
 FEATURES OF COMPTON
SCATTERING
With outer-shell electron
MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR
With loosely bound electrons
Increased penetration through tissue
without interaction

AS X-RAY ENERGY INCREASES Increase Compton Scattering relative

to photoelectric effect

Reduced Compton scattering

AS ATOMIC NUMBER OF
No effect in Compton scattering
ABSORBER INCREASES

AS MASS DENSITY OF ABSORBER Proportional increase in Compton

INCREASES scattering
 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
 The incident x-ray interacts with the inner-shell electron
 Result:
 Incident x-ray disappears

Three Products

 Characteristic x-rays
 Photoelectron (ejected electron)
 Positive atom (deficient of one electron)
 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
GOOD EFFECTS

 No scattered radiation
 Produce good quality radiographic image

BAD EFFECT

 Increase radiation exposure to patient

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
 FEATURES OF PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT
With inner-shell electron
MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR
With tightly bound electrons
Increased penetration through tissue
without interaction

AS X-RAY ENERGY INCREASES Less photoelectric effect relative to

Compton effect

Reduced absolute photoelectric effect

AS ATOMIC NUMBER OF Increase proportionately with the cube
ABSORBER INCREASES of atomic number (Z3)

AS MASS DENSITY OF ABSORBER Proportional increase in photoelectric

INCREASES effect
 FEATURES OF PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT
With inner-shell electron
MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR
With tightly bound electrons
Increased penetration through tissue
without interaction

AS X-RAY ENERGY INCREASES Less photoelectric effect relative to

Compton effect

Reduced absolute photoelectric effect

AS ATOMIC NUMBER OF Increase proportionately with the cube
ABSORBER INCREASES of atomic number (Z3)

AS MASS DENSITY OF ABSORBER Proportional increase in photoelectric

INCREASES effect
COMPTON & PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT
 PAIR PRODUCTION
 Occur at 1.02 MeV x-rays
 The incident x-ray interacts with the nuclear force field
 Results:
 X-ray disappears
 Two electrons with opposite charge appear (positron &
electron)

 Does not occur during x-ray imaging

 Useful in PET
PAIR PRODUCTION
 PHOTODISINTEGRATION
 Occur at 10 MeV x-rays
 The incident x-ray interacts directly into the nucleus
 Results:
 X-ray is absorbed by the nucleus
 Nucleon/nuclear fragment is emitted

 Does not occur in diagnostic radiology

PHOTODISINTEGRATION
 OCCUR INTERACTION
INTERACTION ENERGY RESULTS
AT WITH

Change in x-ray
direction;
COHERENT LOW <10 keV Whole atom
No change in x-ray
energy
Change in x-ray
direction;
Outer-shell Reduced in x-ray
COMPTON
Electron energy;
Compton electron
MODERATE 30-150 keV
emitted

X-ray disappear;
Inner-shell
PHOTOELECTRIC Photoelectron
Electron
emitted

X-ray disappear;
Two electrons with
PAIR PRODUCTION 1.02 MeV Nucleus
opposite charge
appear
HIGH
X-ray absorbed in
the nucleus;
PHOTODISINTEGRATION 10 MeV Nucleus
Nuclear fragment
emitted
 RADIATION DEFINITION TRADITIO- SI UNIT CONVERSIONS
QUANTITY NAL UNIT
Exposure Measure of the Roentgen (R) Coulomb per 1 R = 2.58 x 10-4C/kg
ionization produced in kilogram 1 R = 1 x 10-2 Gya
air by x-rays/used to (C/kg) 1 R = 1000 mR
express the amount of Air kerma 1mR = 1 x 10-3 R
radiation delivered to (Gya)
patient
Absorbed Energy transferred from Radiation Gray (Gy) 1 rad = 1x10-2Gy
Dose ionizing radiation per absorbed 100 rad = 1 Gray
unit mass of irradiated dose 1 rad = 100 erg/g
materials. (rad) or 1 rad = 1 x 10-2 J/kg
Joules per
Kilogram
(J/kg)
Dose Quantity used to Radiation Sievert(Sv) 1rem = 1 x 10-2 Sv
Equivalent express biological equivalent 100 rem = 1 Sievert
impact of radiation on man
persons receiving (rem)
occupational or
environmental
exposures.
Activity Rate of decay or Curie (Ci) Becquerel 1 Ci= 3.73 x 1010 Bq
disinitergration of (Bq) 1 Ci= 3.73 x 1010
radioactive material or disintegration per second
disintegratio (dps)
n per second 1 Ci = 1000 mCi
(dps) 1mCi= 1x10-3 Ci