ELL 207

RESEARCH METHODS
IN LITERATURE
FALL 2021
 CITATION STYLES

■ A citation style is a set of guidelines for how to format your citations and
references, (in parenthetical citations, footnotes, endnotes, etc.)

■ MLA Style (Modern Language Association)

■ The Chicago Manuel of Style
■ APA Style (American Psychological Association)
 MLA STYLE

■ Mrs. Dalloway; Animal Farm

■ “The Story of an Hour;” “The Lottery”
■ “My Last Duchess;” “Harlem”
■ Oedipus; Hamlet
■ “Representation of Gender in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway”
 MLA Style

■ We will use 1,5 space!

In-text Citations

Works Cited
Works Cited
■ Books with One Author

■ Last name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.

■ Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton UP, 1957.

■ YOUR TURN:

Author: Angela Carter

Book: The Passion of the New Eve
Publisher: Virago
Date published: 1982
Place published: London
■ Carter, Angela. The Passion of New Eve. 1977. Virago, 1982.

■ Carter, Angela. The Passion of New Eve. Virago, 1982.

Author: Marilyn French
Book: The Women’s Room
Publisher: Virago
Date published: 2007
Place published: London
■ French, Marilyn. The Women’s Room. 1977. Virago, 2007.

■ French, Marilyn. The Women’s Room. Virago, 2007.

Author: Northrop Frye
Book: Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Date published: 1957
Place published: Princeton
■ Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton UP, 1957.
■ Books with Two Authors
■ Author 1, and Author 2 (not reversed). Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.
■ Broer, Lawrence R., and Gloria Holland. Hemingway and Women: Female Critics and
the Female Voice. U of Alabama P, 2002.

■ YOUR TURN:
■ Authors: Michael Dorris; Louise Erdrich
■ Book: The Crown of Columbus
■ Publisher: Harper Collins Publishers
■ Date published: 1999
■ Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich. The Crown of Columbus. Harper Collins
Publishers, 1999.
Other Contributors
■ Nunberg, Geoffrey, editor. The Future of the Book. U of California P, 1996.
■ Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, et al., editors. Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after
Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. U of Massachusetts P / Center for the Book, Library of
Congress, 2007.
■ Holland, Merlin, and Rupert Hart-Davis, editors. The Complete Letters of Oscar
Wilde. Henry Holt, 2000.
■ Pevear, Richard, and Larissa Volokhonsky, translators. Crime and Punishment. By
Feodor Dostoevsky, Vintage eBooks, 1993.
■ Sullivan, Alan, and Timothy Murphy, translators. Beowulf. Edited by Sarah Anderson,
Pearson, 2004.
!!!
■ Dewar, James A., and Peng Hwa Ang. "The Cultural Consequences of Printing and the
Internet." Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein,
edited by Sabrina Alcorn Baron et al., U of Massachusetts P / Center for the Book,
Library of Congress, 2007, pp. 365-77.

■ Bazin, Patrick. "Toward Metareading." The Future of the Book, edited by Geoffrey
Nunberg, U of California P, 1996, pp. 153-68.

■ Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret.
Translated by John Oxenford, new ed., London, 1875.
■ Online Books:

■ Gikandi, Simon. Ngugi waThiong'o. Cambridge UP, 2000. ACLA Humanities E-book,
hdl.handle.net/2027/ heb.07588.0001.001.

■ YOUR TURN
■ Authors: Sandra Kemp; Judith Squires
■ Title of the Book: Feminisms
■ Publisher: Oxford UP
■ Date published: 1998
■ Online library, database: EBSCOhost. (EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xww&AN=12335&site=ehost-
live.)
■ Kemp, Sandra, and Judith Squires. Feminisms. OUP Oxford, 1998. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xww&AN=12335&site =ehost-
live.
■ Article in a Scholarly Journal, Magazine or Periodical
Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media."
PMLA, vol. 128, no. l, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.

■ A Periodical Publication/ Journal Article in an Online Database

Goldman, Anne. "Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante." The
Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69-88. jSTOR, www.jstor.org/
stable/41403188.

■ YOUR TURN
Author: Marie Borroff
Title of the Article: “Sound Symbolism as Drama in the Poetry of Robert Frost”
Journal: PMLA
Vol: 107; No: 1; Date published: 1992; page numbers: 131-144.
Database: JSTOR; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/462806
■ Borroff, Marie. “Sound Symbolism as Drama in the Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA,
vol. 107, no. 1, 1992, pp. 131–44. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/462806.
 In-text Citations

■ All examples for in-text citations use here are retrieved from:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_
guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of

powerful feelings" (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"

(Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

■ Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

 IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH
KNOWN AUTHOR

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3).

Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).

■ Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and

Method. University of California Press, 1966
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH
NO KNOWN AUTHOR

■ a shortened title of the work is used

■ “Titles longer than a standard noun phrase shortened into a noun phrase by excluding
articles. For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to Lighthouse.”

■ If this does not work, please cut the title the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region
has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to
monitor and study environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming").

■ "The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs.

1999. www.climatehotmap.org/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.
 AUTHOR-PAGE CITATION FOR CLASSIC AND
LITERARY WORKS WITH MULTIPLE EDITIONS

■ Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto

■ Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).
 AUTHOR-PAGE CITATION FOR WORKS IN AN
ANTHOLOGY, PERIODICAL, OR COLLECTION

■ Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," ; published
in Nature in 1921, 

■ Relativity's theoretical foundations can be traced to earlier work by Faraday and

Maxwell (Einstein 782)
CITING AUTHORS WITH SAME LAST NAMES

■ Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R.
Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this
consideration (A. Miller 46).
CITING A WORK BY MULTIPLE
AUTHORS
Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than
looking for some hidden meaning (9).

The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible
in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).

■ Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.” Representations, vol.

108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1.
For a source with three or more
authors….
According to Franck et al., “Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the
poor health of Americans” (327).

The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm
subsidies (Franck et al. 327).

■ Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity

Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013,
pp. 327-333.
 CITING MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

■ Citing two articles by the same author:

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38),
though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to
better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye
Development" 17).

■ Citing two books by the same author:

Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking style" (Write to Learn 6).
Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to "carry ideas and information from
the mind of one person into the mind of another" (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).

■  if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence:

Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies"
63).
 CITING INDIRECT SOURCES

■ Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they
don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).