CODES

SOCIOLINGUISTIC – 2019
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WHAT IS CODES?

Code (the general sense) is a set of conventions for converting one signaling system into another.
In Sociolinguistics, code refers to a language or a variety of language. The term is useful because
it is neutral. This term is mainly used as a neutral label for any system of communication
involving language and which avoids  the sociolinguist having to commit himself to such terms
as dialects, language or variety, which have special status in his theories.
WHAT IS DIGLOSSIA?

Diglossia is a situation where two very different varieties of language co-occur throughout
speech community, each with a distinct range of social function. In the narrow sense of term,
Diglossia has three crucial features. There are :
• Two distinct of varieties of the same languages are used in the community, with one regarded as
the High (H) variety, and the other a Low (L) variety.
• Each varietyy is used for qiete distinct fuction; H and L complement each other
• No one used the H variety in everyday conversation.

EXAMPLE :  the high varieties are used for delivering sermons and formal lectures, political speeches, broadcasting,
writing poetry, editorials in newspaper. In contrast, the low varieties are used in giving instructions to workers in low-
prestige occupations or to household servants, in conversation with familiars and so on.
MONOLINGUALISM, BILINGUALISM,
MULTILINGUALISM
• Monolingualism
Is the ability to use a single language code

• Bilingualism
Is the ability to use two languages

• Multilingualism
the ability to use more than two languages
CODE-SWITCHING &
CODE-MIXING
CODE-SWITCHING

The term code switching (or code-switching) refers to the alternation between two or more

languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of discourse between people who have
more than one language in common.

(Code-switching) "occurs when a bilingual introduces a completely unassimilated word from another
language into his speech." (Haugen 1956:40)
"Codeswitching ... is the selection by bilinguals or multilinguals of forms from an embedded variety (or
varieties) in utterances of a matrix variety during the same conversation" (Myers-Scotton 1993:3)
CODE-MIXING

Code mixing also called intra-sentential code switching or intra-sentential code-alternation

occurs when speakers use two or more languages below clause level within one social situation.
Muysken (2000) defines three types of code mixing: insertion, alternation, and congruent
lexicalization. In his view, insertion occurs when lexical items from one language are
incorporated into another. The notion of insertion, according to Muysken (2000), corresponds to
what Clyne (1991) terms as “transference” and Myer-Scotton as “embedding”.
 CODE-SWITCING & CODE-MXING

CODE-SWITCHING CODE-MIXING

• Codes transformation in sentence by • Using two languages in the sam

sentence (in different sentence) sentence
Ex: A : Hai, my name is A. Ex: “I mean, ganti baju yang lain.”
B : Hai, A. My name is B. Where are you
“ Si, you can bring that manzanas
come from?
pie”
A : I am from Mexico.
“Kaya de javu, Kita pernah ketemu,
B : do you speak Spanish?
Kan?”
A : Si, yo habla espanol. Tu habla espanol?
B : Si. Mucho gusto, A.
THANK YOU