ALC PDH RADIO

Technical Training

Instructor
Mr. Monthien Satantoranin
Senior Manager Technical Support

1
ALC
Training Topics

1. ALC Equipment Structure

2. Installation , Configuration and Operating
3. SCT Network Management
4. Faults and Alarm Understanding
5. Troubleshooting and Looback Test
6. Path/Link Calculation

2
ALC
ALC Equipment Structure

1. ALC IDU ( Indoor Unit)

2. ALC ODU ( Outdoor Unit)
3. LIM ( Line Interface Module)
4. RIM ( Radio Interface Module)
5. Interconnection IDU to ODU cable

3
ALC
 IDU ( Indoor Unit)

Mains Features
Max capacity : 16 E1 + 3 Ethernet Port
IDU size: 1U high only and single board
Service channel: optional V11 codirectional.
Loops: RF loop, IF loop and Baseband loops
ATPC range : depending on frequency (20dB or 40 dB)
Internal PRBS
IDU-ODU cable: 370 meter of ¼” or RG8

4
ALC
 IDU (Indoor Unit)
SCT LAN port
120ohm E1 Sub-D type PSU alarm LEDs
LCT USB connectors
connector PSU connector

Trib. 1-2-3-4 Trib. 9-10-11-12

Q3 LCT US ER IN/OUT 48V1 48V2

TX RX PS1
TEST 1
2 1 2
R AL 2
Trib. 5-6-7-8 Trib. 13-14-15-16 PS2

+
- -

Manual operation /
Loop active IDU-ODU cable
SMA connectors
Fuse: 3.15A (M)
Tx Rx
TEST 1
R AL 2

Reset
Alarms Active branch (Tx / Rx) 5
ALC
Reference Tooth

Volt/dBm in Rx

Weight = 4.5 Kg

ODU (Outdoor Unit)

6
ALC
ODU Mounting

Max.1 dB Loss
7
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 8
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 ODU with 1+1 ODU
Integrated antenna

1+0 ODU

Unprotected ODU
9
ALC
 Interconnection cable
Frequency signals:
 Tx IF 330 MHz
 Rx IF 140 MHz
 Telemetry IDUODU 17.5 MHz
 Telemetry ODUIDU 5.2 MHz
 Power 48 VDC

Max length (1/4 inch or RG 8 cable)

 4/16QAM 370 m

10
ALC
 Equipment Composition
ALC is made up by different sub-modules housed in
two mechanical structures:
1) IDU
 LIM
 Controller
 RIM (one per branch)

2) ODU
 Radiotransceiver (RT, one per branch)

11
ALC
Module functionalities
Line interfaces
Line Mux-Demux circuits, Service Mux-demux circuits
Bit insertion-extraction,
Modulator - Demodulator (digital side) LIM
Switch management  Service interfaces
BER counters  Management software ports
 Equipment controller
Power supply
Cable interface RIM  EOC CONTROLLER
Modulator (analog side) 330 MHz
 Alarm LEDs

Demodulator (analog side) 140 MHz  User in / Alarm out facilities

Radio Power supply

Cable interface RT
IF unit
RF unit: Transmitter, Receiver 12
ALC
 Equipment
structure
13
ALC
Controller

14
ALC
 ) LIM Tx direction

15
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LIM Rx direction
*FEC = Forward Error Corrector
Example: Without  BER=10-6
With  BER=10-13 (+2.5 dB)
FEC *
(block code)

errors

16
ALC
RIM

17
ALC
 ODU

18
ALC
ALC characteristics (1)
 Tx power (4QAM/16QAM):
7 GHz +27 dBm / +22 dBm
15 GHz +25 dBm / +20 dBm
23 GHz +20 dBm / +15 dBm

 Tx/Rx spacing:
7 GHz 154/161/168/196/245 MHz
15 GHz 420/728 MHz
23 GHz 1008/1232 MHz

 Power consumption
1+0< 30 W
1+1< 55 W
19
ALC
ALC characteristics (2)
 Rx HBER (10E-3) thresholds (4QAM/16QAM):
- in 16x2
7 GHz -84 dBm / -80 dBm
15 GHz -83.5 dBm / -79.5 dBm
23 GHz -83 dBm / -79 dBm
- in 4x2
7 GHz -90 dBm / -86 dBm
15 GHz -89.5 dBm / -85.5 dBm
23 GHz -89 dBm / -85 dBm

 Max Rx power - 20 dBm

20
ALC
Installation ,Configuration and
Operating
1. IDU, ODU Installation
2. SCT :Network Management Software
3. LCT :Local Craft Terminal
4. Parameter and Configuration
5. Alarm Monitoring
6. Backup ,Upload and Download firmware

21
ALC
 Installation
 IDU Installation
 Power Supply and Grounding
 E1 Cable and Wiring
 Antenna and ODU Mounting

22
ALC
 Installation
 IDU Installation (1)
USB/LCT

E1

Power Supply

IDU to ODU
Cable

23
ALC
 Installation
 IDU Installation (2)

IDU to ODU Cable

24
ALC
 Installation
 Power Supply and Grounding
Power Supply
-48 to -57.6 Vdc
Nominal Consumption
44 watts (1+0)
24 watts ( IDU only)

25
ALC
 Installation
 Power Supply and Grounding

1= IDU grounding point 5=IDU matching tail grounding

2=ODU grounding point 6=Battery grounding point
3= IDU-ODU interconnect cable 7=Grounding cord connect to Earth ground rod
4=Cable grounding/Station ground 26
ALC
 Installation
ODU Grounding

27
ALC
 Installation
 E1 Cable and Wiring

28
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 Installation
 Antenna and ODU Mounting

29
ALC
 Installation
 Antenna and ODU Mounting

30
ALC
 Installation
 Antenna and ODU Mounting

31
ALC
 Installation
 Antenna and ODU Mounting

ODU final housing position for ODU final housing position for
Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization

32
ALC
 Antenna and ODU mounting
1 2 3

4 5 6

33
ALC
 SCT/LCT : Main Features
 SCT/LCT connection
 SCT Main Window Menus
 Routing
 Stored Routing Table
 Station management
 Commang Logger
 Equipment features management
 Configuration backup/restore
 Alarm monitoring
 LCT Main Window Manus
 Radio Parameter Configurations
34
ALC
 SUBNETWORK and LOCAL
CRAFT TERMINAL
SCT/LCT

PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH GRAPHICAL DISPLAY

WINDOWS 98, NT, 2000, XP SW PLATFORM

TCP/IP COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL USING:

RS232 Serial port (COM1/2 + PPP)
USB +PPP
Ethernet LAN

35
ALC
 “ALC” RADIO IP PROTOCOL STACK

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

SNMP

TCP / UDP

IP / OSPF

LLC 802.2
MAC 802.3 PPP

802.3 LCT EOC (Radio) ASYN-RS232

(ETH LAN) USB 64Kb/s 57.6Kb/s

36
ALC
 SCT : Connections

37
ALC
Connection to the equipment

38
ALC
 Login

User: SYSTEM (read & write) ; RLOM (read only)

Password: siaemicr
39
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Stations Equipments inside the station

lo g
or y
Hist

40
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 Read again the
status of the User management
and time alignment Configuration
equipment upload/download
and station
management
Configuration of
the equipment
Configuration of
History log the connection
Log as SYSTEM an
equipment in monitor management
list of commands

41
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SCT Menu-Equipment

42
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SCT Menu-Option

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SCT Menu-Network

44
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SCT Menu-Tool

45
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Equipment menu Equipment configuration

Agent, name, time

Alarms, group by group

Alarms’ configuration

Test, loops, manual operations

Alarms reading (refresh)

Firmware update

Performance monitoring

Units

Automatic troubleshooting

Routing and addressing

46
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 47
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Properties
Equipment name
Agent, used in alarm
history and in
subnetwork wizard

Equipment time alignment

and network time
alignment

Software restart
(doesn’t cut the traffic)

48
ALC
View Current Alarms

49
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Alarm configuration

50
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Manual operations list

51
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Firmware Update
Firmware
Switch

Download of
the firmware

Upload of
the actual
firmware

52
ALC
Download of the new firmware

Position of the file

firmware.dwl

Overwriting of old
firmware (total
dowload – slow)

Download of different
sections only (fast) or
towards peripheral (radio)
Bench switch after
the download 53
ALC
Performance Monitoring Start/Stop of
selected item

Quality results

Output power Show of the results

Input power of the selected item

54
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UNITS Part number Part number

Status

Trouble severity
Kind of trouble
55
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Diagnosis

Reading the actual alarms the

Diagnosis prepares an explanation
of every trouble and the
procedures to follow to solve the
problem

56
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 Port addresses
All SIAE equipments, regarding SCT software and supervision, are
routers: all interfaces need an address and relevant subnet mask

Addresses can be set clicking:

1. Set values
2. Store
3. Restart
Client (always)

57
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Routing

58
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 Routing
ALC Port and Address

59
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Routing ALC Port and Address in daisy chain

60
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Routing table
Type and address of
crossed port towards
Destination

Netmask and
IP address of
Destination

Type and address

of crossed port

Default destination
61
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Stored Routing Table
The “Stored Routing Table” adds routing lines, after a
Restart, to the running Routing Table of the NE.
In this way we can change Ports addresses (operation that
needs a restart) without loosing a remote NE:
1. In “Stored Routing Table” add the routing lines
relevant to new port addresses you are going to set
2. Set the new port addresses (…the equipment restarts)
3. After the restart the equipment has new addresses and
the routing table configured already: the NE
management is still running

62
ALC
Station management
NEs connected to SCT can be assigned in
various stations using the tool :
“Subnetwork Configuration Wizard”

63
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Alarm correlation
Every alarm is reported with
 Alarm beginning
 Alarm end (gravity info is maintained)

64
ALC
Alarm acknowledgement
Alarm acknowledge is available in
 alarm history list: every
acknowledgement can
be managed completely
 in station list: new alarm
info is highlighted by
an asterisk

65
ALC
Command logger
Cmd Logger reads the list of operations, executed by the users,
stored on the controller of the equipment.
The “log”, uploaded from equipment, is stored on the PC for
further consultations. Following filters are available:
 Operations date
 User address
 User type
 Operation name

66
ALC
Configuration upload/download
Upload (from equipment)
From Tool menu, open the proper Template
Select Upload operation and the equipment you want to
upload information from
Save them in a file (*.cfg)

Download (to equipment)

From Tool menu, open the proper file (*.cfg)
Select Download operation and the equipment you want
to download information to

Uploaded parameters and *.cfg file are editable using

Equipment Configuration Wizard.
67
ALC
Configuration Template
Configuration template: it is relevant to equipment
radio parameters as frequency, attenuation, capacity,
thresholds,…
Address configuration template: it is relevant to
management parameters as port IP addresses, routing
tables, remote elements tables, OSPF.

Both configurations are necessary during first

installation or when Controller module is substituted
with a spare one: you can use a file to download or set
every parameter manually.

68
ALC
 Full backup
The whole amount of parameters (equipment
parameters, address parameters and remote element
table) can be uploaded from equipment, saved in a
file (*.bku), downloaded to equipment.

These parameters cannot be editated.

69
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LCT
for
ALC

70
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 Configuration

General
Bitrate
Modulation

Link ID (local only)

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 Rx Power Low thresholds

HBer,LBer, EWL
thresholds 1) General preset:
thresholds
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 2) General preset:
Rx switches

1+0

1+1

In case of no Rx

In case of Hber, Lber, EWL, first CRC correction

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 Radio link parameters
Main parameters of the link are:
Configuration
Capacity Setting has to
For local be copied in
Modulation terminal remote terminal
Link ID
Frequency

Frequency
For both Only “Configuration”
Capacity local and has to be set locally (on
Modulation remote local and after on
terminal remote)
Link ID
74
ALC
PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)
Measure results and duration Alarm on “Checked signal” line

Sync Los events during test

Measure status
Checked signal selection
Pattern type
Tributary selection if
checked is Signal 2MBit

P.R.B.S replaces the traffic on selected channel

P.R.B.S. test is pointed out as Manual Operation (subject to timeout)

75
ALC
 ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)

76
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 ATPC Characteristics
Maximum ATPC range: This range is limited by the
amount of fixed attenuation with
respect to the nominal TX power

Power Control Criteria: Remote terminal Received Signal

Level (RSL) and BER

ATPC speed: 30 dB/s

Purpouse: To counteract the effect of flat fading,

minimizing nodal interferences

77
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Maintenance

1. Reriodical Check
2. Alarm Meaning
3. Root Cause of Failure
4. Troubleshooting
5. Loop Facilities

78
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 Periodical Check
Periodical Checks are used to check for
radio equipment operation without the
presence of any alarm conditions
 Check of the TX Power
 Check of the Receive Signal Strength
( Reading Value must be match with link hop Cal.)
 Check of BER and HOP performance

79
ALC
 Normal operating condition

Rx level on both ODU match values given by

hop calculation.
Rx level accuracy:
 -40 dBm -75 dBm range ± 3dB
 -30 dBm -40 dBm range ± 4dB
80
ALC
Faulty condition: alarm notification
A faulty condition is pointed out by
 IDU front panel LEDs:
- AL: alarms, internal or external
- TEST: manual operation active
 SCT window:
- Log history area (with alarm correlation)
- Equipment view current alarms (with alarms
grouping)

81
ALC
 ALARMS
There are two directions of alarms: Tx and Rx
Tx – This line starts in LIM and arrives to output flange: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Tx chain, all the others after are due to this
Rx – This line starts in output flange and arrives to LIM: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Rx chain, all the others after should be caused by this

ODU ODU
Rx
Most Significant alarm
RIM RIM
Tx
LIM LIM
82
ALC
 COMMON group
Alarms not related to a specific part of the equipment but
relevant to the link.
Example:.
– EOC radio alarm (relevant SCT management)
– Link telemetry fail (relevant traffic, ATPC info, man op)

If both alarms are ON, the link is interrupted.

Investigation must be made on a possible condition of bad
propagation, or equipment failure

83
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 84
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 Link telemetry fail
No link between Local and Remote station. Traffic is cut.
Link telemetry is inserted in main radio frame in Bit Insertion
circuit inside LIM, and contains commands for the remote
station: switch off the radios on remote side in case of local RF
loop, Link ID, ATPC info.
Telemetry link is a connection between local and remote IDUs.
TEST - if this alarm occurs, a double IDU loop (both branches)
can be done: if this alarm disappears, local IDU is OK and the
problem is after (propagation, local radios, remote equipment).

85
ALC
Communication Radio EOC Data link
No link between Local and Remote station or wrong
port address configuration.
EOC is the channel involved in management
communication.
If EOC radio link is active:
- Traffic is OK
- Management is cut (no remote)

86
ALC
 PRBS Fail
When PRBS is working and no signal is received on checked
signal, in PRBS window the field Sync Los Alarm is active
together with PRBS Fail in Current alarms window

Every ON-OFF transition

increases the field
PRBS Fail Alarm Counter

87
ALC
Communication 2Mb EOC Data link
No EOC channel is present on selected tributary in selected timeslot : wrong
port address configuration or no tributary input (LOS).
EOC is the channel involved in management communication.
If EOC 2Mb link is active:
-Management is cut
(no remote)
- If relative LOS is active,
traffic on that tributary is
cut

88
ALC
 Revertive

When a branch is declared preferential,

the switch on opposite branch gives
Revertive alarm.
The return to preferential branch, when
available again, happens after “Wait Time”
period.

89
ALC
 2Mb/s G.704 (Trib.x)
Radio Fail/AIS and/or Line Fail/AIS
When management messages come via tributary
timeslot, further checks are performed on both
directions of this tributary

90
ALC
 Tx Fail
When on remote side both radios don’t receive, on local
side a Tx switch command is performed and Tx fail alarm
is enabled.
When this alarm is on,
check local ODU in stand by
This functionality is enabled
in LCT – General Preset
The alarm remains active
until Reset is given

91
ALC
 Link ID
Alarm is on if Link ID check is enabled (Link ID  0)
and remote Link ID is different from the local one.
Traffic is cut but signal is received and measured.
Output = AIS
This alarm
causes:

92
ALC
LIM group
These alarms come from
 External fault: tributary LOS
 LIM failure:
-Multiplexer/demultiplexer failure
-Modulator/demodulator failure
Warning: modulator/demodulator
circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM
modules.
 RIM or ODU alarms propagation
(seen in LIM as Baseband RX alarm)
93
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 94
ALC
 Tributary-1 Signal loss Tx

Loss Of Signal alarm is active when a situation opposite to that

foreseen by configuration is performed on tributary interface:

No input or
or
cable disconnected

TRIB. STATUS

Tributary
connected

95
ALC
 Multiplexer fail Tx

The alarm is given during multiplexing of input tributaries by

 Overflow stuffing memories
Overflow is due to bad clock of one tributary (too fast: >+50ppm)
or hardware failure
In case of Multiplexer Fail the signal forwarded to the radio is
N x AIS (from all the N tributaries)

96
ALC
 Branch-x Modulator Fail Tx

This alarm is active when at cable interface Tx IF

modulated signal (330 MHz) is missing or is under a
certain value; this is due to:
 Modulator faulty
 Cable IDU-ODU open (that produces high VSWR
value)
Traffic is cut

97
ALC
 Branch-x ODU-IDU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs when on carrier used to receive
information from ODU, or remote commands from other side,
are detected:
 CRC errors
 Loss of frame

This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (IDUODU) and from TX or RX carriers

98
ALC
 Branch-x Demodulator Fail Rx
This alarm is active when average deviation of symbol
recognition is higher of a certain level.
Every problem in constellation gives Demodulator alarm:
 Problem of digital conversion of received signal from RIM
 I or Q signal missing
 High level of interference (bad quality but good Rx level)
 No Rx IF modulated signal (140 MHz) from ODU (no Rx, ODU
faulty, IDU/ODU cable open) Branch Rx quality alarm
(software settable)
Demodulator alarm causes:
Rx quality alarms (HBER, LBER, EWL)
Rx signal alarms (BaseBand Rx)
Traffic is cut 99
ALC
 Branch-x BaseBand Rx Rx
This alarm is active when
 Bit Extraction does not work (in LIM)
 Demodulator does not work (in LIM)
 Demodulator does not receive from RIM or ODU
BaseBand Rx causes:
Demultiplexer Fail

Traffic is cut

100
ALC
 Demultiplexer Fail Rx

The alarm is given during demultiplexing by:

 Frame Alignment Word not recognised (LOF - loss of frame)
 Overflow destuffing memories
 Overflow memories of hitless Rx switch
 BaseBand Rx alarm

In case of Demultiplexer Fail, output is AIS (from all the

tributaries)

101
ALC
RIM group
These alarms come from
 External fault: demodulator fail alarm and
ODU alarm are generated when ODU
becomes faulty
 RIM failure: PSU alarm with cable
open/short alarm or modulator/demodulator
alarms are active
Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is
spread into LIM and RIM modules.

102
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 103
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 Branch-1 Power Supply
This alarm is active when the PSU (Power Supply Unit) of one
RIM is switched off or is in failure condition
If the PSU is off, all the alarms of that RIM are activated:
this alarm causes all
Rx Branch-1 alarms
except those relevant
Radio1 (is OFF)
Analysis order is:
RT

All alarmed PSU

from now on
IDU

104
ALC
 Branch-1 Cable open/short
This alarm is active when the following situations occur:
- Cable open alarm  no current through cable interface: ODU is not
supplied… so situation looks like PSU alarm (Rx alarms) with cable alarm
instead PSU alarm
- Cable short alarm  overcurrent/low voltage through cable interface

If both alarms are

active, 48 V source
has no enough current

Caused by high VSWR

value of damaged cable

Cable open
situation

105
ALC
RT group
These alarms come from
 External fault: Rx power low alarm is
generated because of bad propagation
or by remote terminal faulty
 ODU failure: PSU fail alarm or RF
VCO alarm or RF IF alarm is activated

106
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 107
ALC
 Branch-x IDU-ODU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs in ODU when on carrier used to receive
command from IDU, are detected:
 CRC errors
 Loss of frame

This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (ODUIDU) and from TX or RX carriers

108
ALC
 Branch-1 RT Radio Power Supply

This alarm is active when the Power Supply

section of the radio doesn’t work properly or is in
failure condition (voltage in input out of range).
Depending voltage value, radio can work.
When the under/over voltage is too high, radio is
off and other alarms (cable open) cover this.

109
ALC
 Branch 1 RT VCO fail Tx & Rx

This alarm occurs when VCO in RF unit is not able

to lock any frequencies.
Every problem in VCO causes alarms in both
directions: RF unit is not able to convert IF Tx in RF
Tx (Tx Power Low alarm) and RF Rx in IF Rx .
In this situation the alarm is active together with Tx
Power Low and all Rx alarms because RF channel
is not locked.

110
ALC
 Branch 1 RT If fail
This alarm occurs when is not present IF signal inside
ODU. There are two different IF signals but one alarm
only.
No IF Tx : the alarm is on and causes Tx Power Low
No IF Rx: the alarm is on with all Rx alarms
Rt If fail can be caused by Modulator fail (no IF Tx)
When VCO is faulty, RF unit gives a IFRX signal made
up of noise: this is enough to mantain IF fail alarm off
(but Demodulator cannot work Rx alarms).

111
ALC
 Branch 1 RT Tx Power Low Tx

This alarm occurs when Tx power is 3 dB under

standard output of ODU-RF unit.
ATPC and manual attenuation do not affect this alarm
that is due by internal failure of RF unit.
This alarm can be activated by a manual operation
also: Tx Transmitter off in Radio Branch - Settings
If both Rx Power Low and Tx Power Low are active, RF
unit inside ODU is faulty

112
ALC
 Branch 1 RT Rx Power Low
Rx
This alarm occurs when Rx power is under a
defined threshold (about 10 dB under standard Rx
level)
Threshold value can be set for both branches in
range - 40 dBm- 99 dBm in LCT - General preset
The alarm Rx Power Low is a branch alarm and it is
used to drive Rx switch

113
ALC
UNIT group

This group generates alarms when one of the

units, the equipment consists of, is faulty
or does not respond to controller polling:
 Unit fail
 Unit is not responding
 Unit is missing
 Unit hardware mismatch
 Unit software mismatch

114
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 115
ALC
OTHER
ALARMS

116
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 Performance alarms
Every performance measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold
is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm
Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm
Threshold in dB of Rx alarm

alarm counter reset

If 0, alarm 15 minutes
is disabled alarms severity
117
ALC
 Performance monitoring

15 min.
alarms

24 hours
alarms

m
dB
PRX < -70 dBm 5
-5
>
P RX

R = 15 minutes

118
ALC
 Recorder : Prx LCT

date time dBm

119
ALC
 Measures
“Performances” is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15
minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and
downloaded on the PC (the download needs bitrate).
These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC)
disconnected.

“Recorder Prx “ is the recording of Rx power on a log file inside

the PC: every time a new value is measured a new “record” is
written inside the log file with info of when (day, hour, minutes
and seconds) and how much (dBm measured).
This recording remains active until SCT is connected to the
equipment.

120
ALC
Current Alarms

121
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Switch modes
 Auto
Preferential: operator can select which branch must be
operative without alarms.
Wait Time = time before coming back to the preferential
branch when alarms disappear. In this way the controller
doesn’t switch continuously in case of fleeting alarms.
Reset = Wait Time is not respected
Full auto: both branches have same priority

 Manual forcing
Operator can select which branch must be operative despite
alarms

122
ALC
Tx switch criteria
1. RIM PSU alarm Highest priority
2. Manual forcing
3. Cable short/ Cable open alarm
Modulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
Tx power low alarm
4. Rx failure on both remote radios
5. Revertive Tx lowest priority
123
ALC
Rx switch criteria
1. RIM PSU alarm Highest priority
2. Manual forcing
3. Cable short/open alarm
Base band unit failure alarm
Demodulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
High BER alarm (selectable: BER>10-3,-4,-5)
4. Low BER alarm (selectable: BER >10-6,-7,-8)
5. Early warning alarm (selectable: BER >10-9,-10,-11,-12)
6. RF input low (selectable from -40dBm to -99dBm)
7. CRC pulse
8. Revertive Rx lowest priority
124
ALC
EQUIPMENT FEATURE
MANAGEMENT
ALC
125
LOOP FACILITIES
 Local Tributary Loop : used to test the cable interfacing
for the equipment upstream
 Remote Tributary Loop : used to test two direction link
performance making use of an unused 2 Mbit/s signal
 Baseband Loop : it permit to test the LIM circuits
 IDU Loop : it permit to test the complete IDU (optional)
 RF Loop : it permit to test the complete radio terminal

126
ALC
 BASEBAND IDU RF
LOOP LOOP LOOP

MOD-DEMOD RF

RIM 1 ODU 1

Branch
BASEBAND
1 AL : available loops
LOOP
Line side data direction:
- towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF)
- selectable for E1 loop
MD O
M
E - R
D
O F
RIM1 U ODU1 R
ID F
P L
O
L P
O
AS
B P
O
L
D
N
A
B
E
:AL :av ailbe lops
n
o
c
tire
a
d

MX
1 L
E P o
O rd lo
w
tb
e
-s
a
c
ly
n n th
im
u
q
h
1
frE
e
s
p l e
b
n
e
s
a ( b
p
lo
th
d RF
U
,ID
d
n
e
s
a )

MU
-D
EX
LIM

E1 LOOP
- only local loops
MUX-DEMUX

Radio side
LIM
LOOPS
127
ALC
 Line side Radio side
ALC loop:
external PRBS

E1 loop line side : loop works with line

enabled or not
E1 loop radio side : loop works with line
enabled on local side and on remote side
Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works if
line used is enabled local side and on
remote side
128
ALC
loops:
internal PRBS Alarm OFF: signal is back!

E1 loop line side: it is before PRBS checking point

E1 loop radio side: loop works with line enabled on
remote side, indifferent* on local side.
Base Band, IDU, RF loop: loop works any status of
local* and remote line
__________________________________________________________ 129
ALC * PRBS enables automatically the local side of used line
 Propagation Link
E.I.R.P = Pt + Gt+ Cable loss
Free space loss (L in Km, f in GHz) A fs  92.44dB  20 Log  L  f 

Received power PR  dBm   PT  dBm   A fs  dB   GT  dB   GR  dB 

L
PT PR

130
ALC
Antenna
D = antenna diameter

D  = wave lenght = c/f

 = Aeff / Ageo= antenna efficiency  0,6

1
c = speed of light = 3  10 8
ms

 D 2  2 
Antenna gain G  10 Log   
 
2


131
ALC
 n2 2 n4

1) Refraction
n3

1 n2
n1
Snell law: n1sen1  n2 sen 2 n1

k < 4/3 (sub-standard)

k = 4/3 (standard)
k > 4/3 (super-standard)

132
ALC
2) hgeo …earth is not flat
2
L
hgeo  considering geometrical visibility on
a planet with no air
R0
2
L
 
hgeo with k<4/3 , k=4/3 , k>4/3 considering the
k  R0 troposphere refraction (previous page)

hgeo
L

ALC R0 = 6378 km 133

3) First Fresnel zone
A nth fresnel zone gives in phase contributes to radio waves
propagation.
In order to avoid attenuation is important that first fresnel
zone is without obstacle: to tower height calculation, must be add
the ray of biggest Fresnel zone, the first zone

L
RM 
2

L
RM

134
ALC
Height of the towers
We have to consider:
 earth’s curvature
 k effect (refraction)
 first Fresnel zone free

From the first we obtain hgeo , with 
refraction hgeo becomes hgeo
and from the last we have to add also RM

L L 2
htower   RM 
 hgeo 
k  R0 2
135
ALC
example
L = 20 km
2
f = 23 GHz L
 
hgeo  0.047km  47m
k = 4/3 1.333  R0
R0= 6378 km
+

L
RM   8.1m
2

htower= 47m + 8.1m = 55.1m

136
ALC
 …from previous page: 4QAM/16x2
Fade Margin L = 20 km PT= +20 dBm
f = 23 GHz HBER - 82 dBm
A fs (dB)  92.44  20 Log  L  f   92.44  53.26  145.7dB

x = gain of antennas FM = 40dB (purpouse)

FM= PR-HBER PR= -82dBm + 40dB = -42dBm

PR  dBm   PT  dBm   A fs  dB   GT  dB   GR  dB 

GT+GR= 2G = PR-PT+Afs= -42dBm-20dBm+146dB=84dB

GT=GR=42dB D=60cm G=40dB D=80cm  G= 42,6dB

137
ALC
Rain attenuation (f > 8GHz )

freq \ rain 25 mm/h 100 mm/h

 10 GHz  0.5 dB/km 2.5 dB/km
 15 GHz  1.5 dB/km 7 dB/km
 20 GHz  2.1 dB/km 10 dB/km
 30 GHz  4 dB/km 15 dB/km
 40 GHz  6 dB/km 20 dB/km

138
ALC
 E
Rain depolarization H
vertical polar. e.m. wave
Drop weight
H

E
horizontal polar. e.m. wave
Wind
I

v
h
GHz

Drag (air resistence) 139

ALC
 Multipath
Direct ray B
A

Indirect ray

Indirect ray, depending on its phase, can increase or decrease the

power of the main stream

Two rays model 

H      1  b  e  j (  )

Direct ray: amplitude = 
Indirect ray: amplitude = b , phase delay =  , time delay = 
In B position, received signal has a notch every 1/ Hz with
deepness depending on b
140
ALC
 THANK YOU

141
ALC