Structural Analysis: What Is A Structure ?

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A STRUCTURE ?
Structure  system consist of a series of connected parts.
Example: Building
Bridge
Tower
Dam
Parts or Elements
of Structures
Jurusan Teknik Sipil ANALISIS TRUKTUR STATIS TERTENTU Dr.-Ing. Ir. Djoko Sulistyo
Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjahmada Program S1 01B-01
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Beam (Balok)
Parts or Elements
of Structures
Slab (Plat lantai)
Column (Kolom)
Foundation (Fondasi)
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
The basic function of any structure is to support loads and
transmit them to the ground.
Structure
Building:
The building structure supports
the roof, floors, walls and their
loads and transmit them through
the foundation to the ground.
Foundation
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Bridge:
The bridge structure supports a deck which allows the passage of
pedestrians and vehicles, than transmit all of these loads (incl. self
weight of the bridge) through piers, abutments and foundations to
the ground.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Other structures carry other types of loads:
Dam – Water Retaining Wall – Earth
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN PROCEDURE OF CIV. ENG. STRUCTURE
General Process:
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN PROCEDURE OF CIV.ENG. STRUCTURE
Pengumpulan Data: Pelaksanaan
- Fungsi Bangunan Pekerjaan Struktur
- Ukuran/Geom. Struktur
- Bahan Bangunan
- Peraturan2 / Standard2
- Keadaan Tanah & Lingk.
Gambar Detail Struktur
Ya!
Modelisasi:
Struktur Riil  Model Struktur
Tidak ! Kontrol
Kapasitas & Tegangan
pada Elemen2 Str.
Analisis Beban; Perkiraan
Dimensi Elemen2 Str
Analisis Struktur Perancangan Elemen2 Struktur
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
IN THE DESIGN OF CIV. ENG. STRUCTURE
Analisis Struktur bukan merupakan tahapan akhir dalam proses

perancangan.
Analisis Struktur merupakan `alat´ yang digunakan untuk

mendukung proses perancangan.
Analisis Struktur membantu perancang struktur dalam membuat

keputusan2 penting dalam proses perancangan.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

To obtain effects of the loading supported by the structure:
1. Distribution of internal forces
2. Deformation of the structure
LOAD
Internal Forces
= Deformation
REACTION REACTION
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS:
1. Strengh
2. Stiffness
------------------
3. Economic
4. Aesthetic
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
The decision as to the form of a structure rests with the structural
designer and is governed by:
- the purpose for which the structure is required,
- the materials that are to be used and
- any aesthetic considerations that may apply.
Structures, for construction and analysis purposes, are divided

into a number of structural elements, although an element of one
structure may, in another situation, form a complete structure in
its own right.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
... in its own right.
For example, a beam may support a

foot-path across a stream,
or... Simple beam
beam as a part of a large framework
beam
Building frame
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
Beam
Beam
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
As spans increase, the use of beams to support bridge decks
becomes uneconomical. For moderately large spans, trusses may
be used. Trusses carry loads by developing axial forces in their
members, and their depth, for the same span and load, is larger
than that of a beam but, because of the skeletal nature of their
construction, will be lighter.
For example:
the Warren truss shown is typical of those
used in bridge construction;
other geometries form roof supports
and also carry bridge decks.
Truss
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
Truss
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
Portal frames are commonly used in building construction and

generally comprise arrangements of beams and columns.
beam rigid joint
kolom
Portal
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
Portal
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
The use of trusses to support bridge decks becomes impracticable

for longer than moderate spans. In this Situation arches are often
used.
Bridge Deck
Column Hanger
Arch
Arch
Bridge Deck
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
Arch
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
For exceptionally long-span bridges, and sometimes for short
spans, cables are used to support the bridge deck. Generally, the
cables pass over saddles on the tops of towers and are fixed at
each end within the ground by massive anchor blocks. The cables
carry hangers from which the bridge deck is suspended
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL FORMS
Cable Structure  Suspension Bridge
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Other structural forms include:
- plate and slabs, which are used as floors in buildings, as raft

foundations and as bridge decks,
- and continuum structures which include shells, folded plate

roofs, arch dams, etc.;
Generally, continuum structures require computer-based methods

of analysis.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
SUPPORT SYSTEM
The loads applied to a structure are transferred to its foundations
by its supports. In practice supports may be complex, in which
case they are idealized into a form that may readily be analysed.
PIN SUPPORT (tumpuan sendi):

Thus a support that: - allows rotation, but
- prevents translation
in practice: represented for analysis

purposes by the idealized
form:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
TUMPUAN SENDI
Tumpuan sendi dapat menahan gaya horisontal dan vertikal,

tetapi tidak dapat menahan momen.
RH
RV
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
TUMPUAN SENDI
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
TUMPUAN SENDI
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
ROLLER SUPPORT (tumpuan rol):

Thus a support that: - allows rotation, but
- prevents translation in direction perpendi-
cular to its bearing plate

form:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
TUMPUAN ROL
Tumpuan rol hanya dapat menahan gaya tegak lurus
pada bidang tumpunya,
dan tidak dapat menahan momen
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
FIX SUPPORT (tumpuan jepit):
Thus a support that: - prevents translation and rotation in all
directions

form:
Str. Baja
Str. Beton
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
TUMPUAN JEPIT
Tumpuan jepit dapat menahan gaya vertikal maupun
horisontal dan dapat menahan momen
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
TUMPUAN JEPIT
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Resume:
Support
conditions
and its
characteristics
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL IDEALIZATION
Generally, structures are complex and must be idealized or
sirnplified into a form that can be analysed.
This building can be

idealized as 2D as well as
3D frame:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This bridge structure can

be idealized as 2D as well
as 3D truss:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
UNIT SYSTEM
We use the SI Unit
Lenght Force Mass Temperatur Time
Meter (m) Newton (N) kilogram (kg) Celcius (°C) Second
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Static equilibrium

Structural Analysis: What Is A Structure ?

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structure  system consist of a series of connected parts.

Other structures carry other types of loads:

Dam – Water Retaining Wall – Earth

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Analisis Struktur Perancangan Elemen2 Struktur

Analisis Struktur bukan merupakan tahapan akhir dalam proses

Analisis Struktur merupakan `alat´ yang digunakan untuk

Analisis Struktur membantu perancang struktur dalam membuat

OBJECTIVES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

1. Distribution of internal forces

2. Deformation of the structure

Structures, for construction and analysis purposes, are divided

... in its own right.

For example, a beam may support a

or... Simple beam

beam as a part of a large framework

Portal frames are commonly used in building construction and

beam rigid joint

The use of trusses to support bridge decks becomes impracticable

Other structural forms include:

- plate and slabs, which are used as floors in buildings, as raft

- and continuum structures which include shells, folded plate

Generally, continuum structures require computer-based methods

PIN SUPPORT (tumpuan sendi):

in practice: represented for analysis

Tumpuan sendi dapat menahan gaya horisontal dan vertikal,

ROLLER SUPPORT (tumpuan rol):

in practice: represented for analysis

in practice: represented for analysis

This building can be

This bridge structure can

Lenght Force Mass Temperatur Time

Meter (m) Newton (N) kilogram (kg) Celcius (°C) Second

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