2 Electron - Arrangement SPDF

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The Bohr model of the atom
In 1900, Max Planck
(right) developed his
‘Quantum theory’, which
states that energy exists
in fixed amounts called
quanta.
In 1913, Niels Bohr (left)

applied Plank’s theory to
electrons. He proposed that electrons could only exist in
fixed energy levels.
The main energy levels are called principal energy levels

and are given a number called the principal quantum
number (n) with the lowest in energy being 1.

Writing electron configuration

sub-level no. orbits max no.
electrons
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14
principal energy sub-levels orbitals

level, n
1 1s 2
2 2s, 2p 8
3 3s, 3p, 3d 18
4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f 32
Shapes of electron orbitals

Two ways to represent electron configuration
• spdf orbital (notation)

1s2 2s2 2p4
• Boxes and Arrow method / electron-in-

box

Energies of Orbitals

Order of sub-levels

The Aufbau principle
As part of his work on electron configuration, Niels Bohr
developed the Aufbau principle, which states how
electrons occupy sub-levels.
The Aufbau principle states that the

lowest energy sub-levels are occupied first.
This means the 1s sub-level

is filled first, followed by 2s,
2p, 3s and 3p.
However, the 4s sub-level is

lower in energy than the 3d,
so this will fill first.

The Pauli exclusion principle and spin
The Pauli exclusion principle states that each orbital

may contain no more than two electrons.
It also introduces a property of electrons called spin, which

has two states: ‘up’ and ‘down’. The spins of electrons in the
same orbital must be opposite, i.e. one ‘up’ and one ‘down’.
A spin diagram shows

how the orbitals are spin diagram
filled. Orbitals are for
represented by squares, magnesium,
and electrons by arrows 1s22s22p63s2
pointing up or down.

Rules for filling electrons
When two electrons
occupy a p sub-level,
they could either
completely fill the same
p orbital or half fill two
different p orbitals.
Hund’s rule states that single electrons

occupy all empty orbitals within a sub-level
before they start to form pairs in orbitals.
If two electrons enter the same orbital there is repulsion

between them due to their negative charges. The most stable
configuration is with single electrons in different orbitals.

Blocks of the periodic table

Creating spin diagrams

Electronic configuration: atoms

Electron configuration of transition metals
Although the 3d sub-level is in
a lower principal energy level
than the 4s sub-level, it is
actually higher in energy.
This means that the 4s sub-level

is filled before the 3d sub-level.
Example: what is the electron structure of vanadium?

1. Count number of electrons in atom 23
2. Fill sub-levels, remembering 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3
4s is filled before 3d

Electron configuration of Cr and Cu
The electron configurations of chromium and copper are
exceptions to the normal rules of orbital filling:
chromium copper
1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10
In each case the 4s orbital contains one electron. This is

because the 4s and 3d sub-levels lie very close together in
energy, and the 3d being either half full or completely full is a
lower energy arrangement.
With larger atoms like this it can be useful to shorten the

electron arrangement. Copper can be shortened to
[Ar]4s13d10.

Electron configuration of ions
When writing the electron
configuration of ions, it is For negative ions
important to add or subtract the add electrons.
appropriate number of electrons.
For positive ions
remove electrons.
For non-transition metals, the sub-
levels are then filled as for atoms.
Example: what is the electron structure of O2-?

1. Fill sub-level of the atom 1s22s22p4
2. Add or remove electrons due to charge +2e

3. Fill sub-levels 1s22s22p6

Electronic configuration of transition metal ions
When transition metals form ions, it is the 4s electrons that

are removed before the 3d electrons.
Example: what is the electron structure of Ni2+?

1. Count number of electrons 28
in atom
2. Fill sub-levels, remembering 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8
4s is filled before 3d
3. Count number of electrons 2
to be removed
4. Remove electrons starting 1s22s22p63s23p63d8
with 4s

Electron configuration: ions

Electron configuration: true or false?

Evidence for Hund’s rule
The first ionization energies for the elements in period 3 show
a general increase.
1600
first ionization energy
However, sulfur’s value

1400 is below that of
1200 phosphorus. As the
(KJ mol-1)
highest energy
1000 electrons of both are in
800 the 3p sub-level this is
evidence for Hund’s
600 rule.
400
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
element
Evidence for Hund’s rule: P vs. S
Phosphorus has three electrons in its 3p sub-level and
sulfur has four.
The lower first ionisation energy for sulfur is because it has

a pair of electrons in one of the 3p orbitals. Mutual repulsion
between these two electrons makes it easier to remove one
of them.
phosphorus sulfur

What is ionization energy?
Ionization is a process in which atoms lose or gain electrons
and become ions.
The first ionization (∆Hi1) energy of an element is the

energy required to remove one electron from one mol of
gaseous atom.
M(g) → M+(g) + e-(g)

The second ionization (∆Hi2) energy involves the removal of
a second electron:
M+(g) → M2+(g) + e-(g)
Looking at trends in ionization energies can reveal useful

evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms and ions.

Ionization energy definitions

Evidence for energy levels
Plotting the successive ionization energies of magnesium
clearly shows the existence of different energy levels, and
the number of electrons at each level.
6
Successive ionization
energies increase as more
ionization energy
5 electrons are removed.
4 Large jumps in the ionization

energy reveal where electrons
are being removed from the
3 next principal energy level,
such as between the 2nd and
2 3rd, and 10th and 11th ionization
th
th
th
2 nd
3 rd
6 th
7 th
4 th
5 th
8 th
9 th
1 st
energies for magnesium.

10
11
12
electron removed
More evidence for energy levels
The first ionization energies of group 2 elements also show
evidence for the existence of different principal energy levels.
900 Even though the nuclear

first ionization energy
charge increases down the

800 group, the first ionization
energy decreases.
(kJ mol-1)
700
This means electrons are
600 being removed from
successively higher
500 energy levels, which lie
further from the nucleus
400
and are less attracted to
Be Mg Ca Sr Ba
the nucleus.
element
Factor Affecting Ionization Energy

Trends in first ionization energies

• It requires more energy to remove each
successive electron.
• When all valence electrons have been removed,
the ionization energy takes a quantum leap.

Trends in First Ionization Energies
• Generally, as one
goes across a row, it
gets harder to
remove an electron.

However, there are

two apparent
discontinuities in this
trend.

• The first occurs

between Groups IIA
and IIIA.
• Electron removed from
p-orbital rather than s-
orbital
Electron farther from
nucleus
Small amount of repulsion
by s electrons.

• The second occurs

between Groups VA
and VIA.
Electron removed comes
from doubly occupied
orbital.
Repulsion from other
electron in orbital helps
in its removal.

What’s the keyword?

Energy levels and electrons

Multiple-choice quiz

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1 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

2 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

In 1913, Niels Bohr (left)

The main energy levels are called principal energy levels

5 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

7 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

principal energy sub-levels orbitals

9 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

• spdf orbital (notation)

• Boxes and Arrow method / electron-in-

10 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

11 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

12 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

The Aufbau principle states that the

This means the 1s sub-level

However, the 4s sub-level is

13 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

The Pauli exclusion principle states that each orbital

It also introduces a property of electrons called spin, which

A spin diagram shows

14 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

Hund’s rule states that single electrons

If two electrons enter the same orbital there is repulsion

15 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

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This means that the 4s sub-level

Example: what is the electron structure of vanadium?

20 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

In each case the 4s orbital contains one electron. This is

With larger atoms like this it can be useful to shorten the

21 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

Example: what is the electron structure of O2-?

2. Add or remove electrons due to charge +2e

22 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

When transition metals form ions, it is the 4s electrons that

Example: what is the electron structure of Ni2+?

23 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

24 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

25 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

However, sulfur’s value

The lower first ionisation energy for sulfur is because it has

27 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

The first ionization (∆Hi1) energy of an element is the

M(g) → M+(g) + e-(g)

Looking at trends in ionization energies can reveal useful

28 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

29 of 39 © Boardworks Ltd 2009

5 electrons are removed.

4 Large jumps in the ionization

energies for magnesium.

900 Even though the nuclear

charge increases down the

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However, there are

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• The first occurs

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• The second occurs