Single Phase Systems

The following methods can be used to determine a

physical property of a process material:
 Look it Up – when you need a value for a
physical property of a substance-whether it
be a density, vapor pressure, solubility, or
heat capacity-there is a good chance that
someone, somewhere has measured this
property and published the result.
 Estimate It
 Measure It
Ideal Gases
 An equation of state relates the molar
quantity and volume of a gas to temperature
and pressure.
 The simplest and most widely used of these

relationships is the ideal gas equation of

state (the familiar PV=nRT)
The Ideal Gas Equation of State
 The ideal gas equation of state can be derived
from the kinetic theory of gases by assuming
that gas molecules have a negligible volume,
exert no forces on one another, and collide
elastically with the walls of their containers.
 The ideal gas equation of state is an

approximation
The Ideal Gas Law
 Under conditions such that the average
distance between the molecules in a
substance is great enough to neglect the
effect of the intermolecular forces and the
volume of the molecules themselves, a gas
can be termed as ideal gas.
 Boyle’s Law: (at const. T & n)

 Charles Law: (at const. P & n)

 Avogadro’s Law: ( at const. T & P)

Alternative Form
 Diffusion: is the term used to describe the
mixing of gases/The rate of diffusion is the
rate of the mixing of gases
 Effusion: is the term used to describe the

passage of a gas through a tiny orifice into an

evacuated chamber
The relative rates of effusion of two gases at
the same temperature and pressure are given
by the inverse ratio of the square roots of the
masses of the gas particles.
 Description: Ammonia gas and hydrogen
chloride gas are introduced at opposite ends
of a long air-filled glass tube. After about
15-20 minutes a very localized cloud of white
ammonium chloride forms where the two
gases meet after diffusing through the air.
The location is relative to the molecular
masses of the two gases.
 The time required for a given volume of N2 to
diffuse through an orifice is 35 s. Calculate
the molecular weight of a gas which requires
50 s to diffuse through the same orifice
under identical conditions