Cooling Load Estimation

Cooling Load Estimation
Introduction
Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa
What is the cooling load??

• The cooling load is the amount of heat that would need to be
removed from a space to maintain the human comfort range
within the space.

What are the steps to be
followed before calculating
the cooling load?

1.2 BUILDING SURVEY
1.2.1 SPACE CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAT LOAD SOURCES
• The following physical aspects must be considered:

• 1. Orientation of building - Location of the space to be air
conditioned with respect to:
• a) Compass points-sun and wind effects.
• b) Nearby permanent structures-shading effects.
• c) Reflective surfaces-water, sand, parking lots, etc.

1.2 BUILDING SURVEY
• 2. Use of space(s) - Office, hospital, department store, specialty

shop, machine shop, factory, assembly plant, etc.
• 3. Physical dimensions of space(s) - Length, width, and height.
• 4. Ceiling height - Floor to floor height, floor to ceiling, clearance
between suspended ceiling and beams.
• 5. Columns and beams - Size, depth, also knee braces.

1.2 BUILDING SURVEY
• 6. Construction materials - Materials and thickness of walls, roof,

ceiling, floors and partitions, and their relative position in the
structure.
• 7. Surrounding conditions - Exterior color of walls and roof,
shaded by adjacent building or sunlit. Attic space - unvented or
vented, gravity or forced ventilation. Surrounding spaces
conditioned or unconditioned- temperature of non-conditioned
adjacent spaces, such as furnace or boiler room, and kitchens.
Floor on ground, crawl space, basement.
• 8. Windows - Size and location, wood or metal sash, single or
double hung. Type of shading device. Dimensions of reveals and
overhangs.
1.2 BUILDING SURVEY
• 9. Doors - Location, type, size, and frequency of use.

• 10. People - Number, duration of occupancy, nature of activity, any
special concentration. At times, it is required to estimate the
number of people on the basis of square meter per person, or on
average traffic.
• 11. Lighting - Wattage at peak. Type- incandescent, fluorescent,
recessed, exposed.

1.2 BUILDING SURVEY
• 12. Motors - Location, nameplate and brake horsepower, and

usage.
• 13. Appliances, business machines, electronic equipment -
Location, rated wattage, steam or gas consumption, hooded or
unhooded, exhaust air quantity installed or required, and usage.
• 14. Ventilation – lit/s per person, lit/s per m2, scheduled
ventilation (agreement with purchaser). Exhaust fans- type, size,
speed, cfm delivery.

1.3 AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATE
• The air conditioning load is estimated to provide the basis for
selecting the conditioning equipment. It must take into account
the heat coming into the space from outdoors on a design day, as
well as the heat being generated within the space. A design day is
defined as:
• 1. A day on which the dry-and wet-bulb temperatures are peaking
simultaneously.
• 2. A day when there is little or no haze in the air to reduce the
solar heat
• 3. All of the internal loads are normal.

Cooling Load Components

External Load

solar heat gain through glass
Solar and transmission wall/Roof
Inside Outside
538
12 PM
Night
9 2 AM
AM
Heat transmission glass
25 oC
45 oC

Heat transmission glass
infiltration
Ventilation

Internal Load

Heat transmission partitions and
floors
Kitchen

floors
People

Evaporation Sensible
Convection Convection
Conduction
Radiation Radiation
Latent
Evaporation
Conduction
Factor
1
0.85
0.75 0.75

floors
People
Lights

floors
People
Lights
Appliances

1.4 Heat Transfer Topics
Heat transfer by conduction and convection through
the wall
Rt
To Ti

Multilayered wall

Example 1:
• Find the overall heat transfer coefficient for outdoor wall in summer, the wall
consist of
• 10 mm gypsum plaster.
• 24 cm common brick and
• 5 mm cement plaster,

• 10 mm gypsum plaster
• K=0.727 W/m.K

• 24 cm common brick
• K=0.727 W/m.K
• m2.K/W

• 5 mm cement plaster,
• It can be seen that the thermal

conductivity for cement paster is not
included in the table
• In table 19 there is a thickness of 13 mm

not 5 mm as in the example, so a
correction should be made for the result
• R=0.05 m2.K/W for 13 mm
• For 5 mm
• R3=0.05*5/13= 0.01923 m2.K/W

•
• Rt=Ri+R1+R2+R3+Ro
• Rt=0.1204+ + + = 0.4833 /W

1.5 Heat gain through wall

The equivalent
temperature difference

• Equivalent temperature difference takes into account the
combined effects of
• 1. solar radiation
• 2. the outside temperature
• 3. The type of the construction

• 4. and the flywheel effect of heat storage in the wall or roof.

The Equivalent Temperature Difference
1. Calculate the weight of wall or roof per m2 ( Tables 17 to 20)
2. Select the equivalent temperature difference depending on
orientation, weight of wall and day time.(Table 15)
3. Select the outdoor design conditions for summer (Table 1)
4. Select the outdoor design conditions for winter ( Table 1)
5. Find the yearly range (Step 1 –step 2).
6. Find the daily range (Table 1).

•7. Find the difference between (outdoor design condition for month
at 3P.M. ) – Room design condition .
8. Find the correction of equivalent temp. diff. ( Table 16 A)
9. Find the equivalent temperature difference for wall or roof
exposed to the sun for desired time of day for the given wall from
the following equation:
10. Find equivalent temperature difference for same wall or roof in

shade at desired time of day.

•11.
Find the maximum solar radiation maximum solar heat gain
through glass for wall facing or horizontal for roofs, for month and
latitude desired (Table 12A)
12. Find the maximum solar heat gain through glass for wall facing
or horizontal for roofs, for July at 40 North latitude , Table (12B).
13. The correct equivalent temperature difference is:
For light color walls and roofs
• For medium color walls and roofs

Example 2
• An outer wall is built from of 13 mm cement plaster, 20 cm common
brick and 13 mm gypsum plaster.
• The roof is built from outside to inside from 10 mm concrete tail, 130
mm sand, 10 mm Expanded polyurethane, Asphalt shingles, 150 mm
concrete and 10 mm gypsum.
• Find
• The heat transfer coefficient of the wall and the roof
• The equivalent temperature difference for the West, North, East,

South walls and the roof.

Calculation of The Heat Transfer Coefficient and
the Weight of the Wall and The Roof

The Wall
• 13 mm cement plaster
• R1=0.05 m2K/W
• W1=105.6 kg/m2

The Wall
• 20 cm common brickR1=0.05 m2K/W
• R2=0.279 m2K/W
• W2=390.4 kg/m2

The Wall
• R=0.026 For 20 mm, the required is for 13 mm
• R3=0.026× (13/20)=0.0169 m2K/W
• W=30.77 For 20 mm, the required is for 13 mm
• W3=30.77× (13/20)= 20 kg/m2

•
• The Overall H.T Coefficient
• Rt=Ri+R1+R2+R3+Ro
• Rt=0.1204+0.05+0.279+0.0169+0.0588= 0.5251

• The weight of the wall
• Wt=W1+W2+W3
• Wt=105.6+390.4+20= 516 kg/m2

The Roof
• 10 mm concrete tail
• R1=0.037 m2K/W
• W1=23

The Roof
• 130 mm sand
• R2=0.016 m2K/W
• W2=21 kg/m2

The Roof
• 10 mm Expanded polyurethane
• K=0.04 W/m.K
• W3=-----
The Roof
• Asphalt shingles
• W4=-----

The Roof
• 150 mm concrete
• W5=341.6 kg/m2

The Wall
• R=0.026 For 20 mm, the required is for 13 mm
• R6=0.026× (13/20)=0.0169 m2K/W
• W=30.77 For 20 mm, the required is for 13 mm
• W6=30.77× (13/20)= 20 kg/m2

•
• The Overall H.T Coefficient
• Rt=Ri+R1+R2+R3+R4+R5+R6+Ro
• Rt=0.1204+ 0.037 +0.016+ +0.09+0.088+0.0169+0.0588= 0.676

• The weight of the wall
• Wt=W1+W2+W3+W4+W5+w6
• Wt=23+21+0+0+341.6+20= 415.6 kg/m2

N W N E S H
o.
1 Calculate the weight of wall or roof per 516 516 516 516 416
m2

2. Select the equivalent temperature
difference (T15)

Exposure
West =5.6
North =1.7
East= 11.1
South=8.3
Weight of wall= 516 kg/m2
Peak time= 3 pm

Horizontal= Roof
Weight of roof = 416 kg/m2
Peak time= 3 pm

N W N E S H
o.
m2
2 Select the equivalent temperature difference (T15) 5.6 1.7 11.1 8.3 15.6

3. Select the outdoor design conditions for summer (T1)
4. Select the outdoor design conditions for winter(T1)

outdoor design conditions for summer
=45 oC
outdoor design conditions for winter

• Table 1) =1.5 oC
Find the yearly range (Step3-Step4)
• V
45-1.5= 43.5 oC
Find the daily range =18.7 C

o

N W N E S H
o.
m2
3 Select the outdoor design conditions for summer 45 45 45 45 45
(T1)
4 Select the outdoor design conditions for winter(T1) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

N W N E S H
o.
m2
4 Select the outdoor design conditions for winter 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
5 Find the yearly range (Step3-Step4) 45-1.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5
6 Find the daily range (Table 1) 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7
7 Find the difference between (outdoor design 45- 20 20 20 20

condition for month at 3P.M. )
25
8 Find the correction of equivalent temp. diff. (T16A) 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2

6 Find the daily range (Table 1)=18.7
7-between (outdoor design condition for month at 3P.M. )=20 oC

N W N E S H
o.
m2

condition for month at 3P.M. ) table 2
25
9 Find the equivalent temperature difference for wall 5.6+7. 8.9 18.3 15.5 22.8
or roof exposed to the sun (Dtem) (ST2+ST8) 2=12.8
10 Find equivalent temperature difference for same 1.7+7. 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9
wall or roof in shade (Tes)(T15+step 8) 2=8.9

N W N E S H
o.
m2

25
or roof exposed to the sun (Dtem) 2=12.8
wall or roof in shade (DTes)(T15+step 8) 2=8.9
11 Find the maximum solar radiation maximum solar 521 44 521 199 741
heat gain through glass for wall (Rs) (T12A)

West=517 North=69 East=517 South=95 Horizontal = 776

N W N E S H
o.
m2

25
12 Find the maximum solar heat gain through glass for 511 44 511 322 675
wall facing or horizontal for roofs, for August at 40
NorthHadi
Prof . Dr. Abdul latitud (Rm) T12B)
N. Khalifa
West=521 North=44 East=521 South=199 Horizontal = 741

N W N E S H
o.
m2
5 Find the yearly range 45-1.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5

25
wall facing or horizontal for roofs, for July at 40
North latitud (Rm) T12B)
N W N E S H
o.
m2
5 Find the yearly range 45-1.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5
25

N W N E S H
o.
𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑠
∆ 𝑡 𝑒 =0.78 . ∆ 𝑡 𝑒𝑚 +(1− 0.78) . ∆ 𝑡 𝑒𝑠
𝑅𝑚 𝑅𝑚
For the West Exposure

=11.84 oC

N W N E S H
o.
9 Find the equivalent temperature difference for wall 12.8 8.9 18.3 15.5 22.8
or roof exposed to the sun (Dtem)
10 Find equivalent temperature difference for same 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9
wall or roof in shade (DTes)(T15+step 8)
𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑠
∆ 𝑡 𝑒 =0.78 . ∆ 𝑡 𝑒𝑚 +(1− 0.78) . ∆ 𝑡 𝑒𝑠
𝑅𝑚 𝑅𝑚
For the West Exposure

=11.84 oC

•Thank you for your
listing

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Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

removed from a space to maintain the human comfort range

within the space.

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• The following physical aspects must be considered:

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• 2. Use of space(s) - Office, hospital, department store, specialty

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• 6. Construction materials - Materials and thickness of walls, roof,

• 9. Doors - Location, type, size, and frequency of use.

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• 12. Motors - Location, nameplate and brake horsepower, and

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Heat transmission glass

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• 24 cm common brick and

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• It can be seen that the thermal

• In table 19 there is a thickness of 13 mm

• R=0.05 m2.K/W for 13 mm

• R3=0.05*5/13= 0.01923 m2.K/W

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

10. Find equivalent temperature difference for same wall or roof in

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• For medium color walls and roofs

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• The heat transfer coefficient of the wall and the roof

• The equivalent temperature difference for the West, North, East,

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• R=0.026 For 20 mm, the required is for 13 mm

• R3=0.026× (13/20)=0.0169 m2K/W

• W=30.77 For 20 mm, the required is for 13 mm

• W3=30.77× (13/20)= 20 kg/m2

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• The Overall H.T Coefficient

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa

• Wt=105.6+390.4+20= 516 kg/m2

Prof . Dr. Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa