2022-2023 Spring

ARCH 306 Building Systems

03 . Heat gain and loss in buildings

Condensation, Ventilation

Özyeğin Üniversitesi Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi

Mimarlık Bölümü
Dr. Feride Şener Yılmaz
Dr. Neşe Ganiç Sağlam
HEATING - COOLING ENERGY DEMAND • Temperature

• Humidity

• Climate • Air speed

• CO2 level
• Indoor environmental conditions required for the function

• Building design - passive systems – heat gains and losses

• Heat loss through conduction, convection

• Internal heat gains
(including ventilation) and raditation

• Occupants • Solar heat gains

• Equipments

• Lighting equipments
Heat Loss Heat Gain
HEAT LOSS

Attached

Detached
HEAT LOSS

Attatched Semi-Detached Detached

HEAT LOSS
HEAT GAIN
HEATING ENERGY DEMAND [Q]

Q = Heat Losses – Heat Gains

[Internal + Solar]
TS 825 – 2013 version

• Heat loss by conduction

• Heat loss by ventilation

• Solar heat gain via windows

• Average internal heat gain

https://learn.openenergymonitor.org/sustainable-energy/building-energy-model/readme
TS 825 – HEAT LOSS BY CONDUCTION

H= A x U x ΔT
Temperature difference between
Heat loss by conduction through
external and internal space (C
building component (W)
veya K)

ΔT=Tiç-Tdış
Area of the building
Heat transfer coefficient
component (m2)
(W/m2K)

HTOTAL= H1+H2+H3+…+HN
Heat loss of building envelope by conduction
Roof

HTOTAL = Hwall 1 + H wall2 +H wall3 +Hwall4 +Hroof +Hfloor

Hwall 1 = Uw1 . A w1. Δ T

Wall 2
Wall 3
Hwall 2 = (Uw2 . A w1. Δ T) + (Uwin . A win. Δ T)

Hwall 3 = Uw3 . A w3. Δ T

Wall 4 Floor Hwall 4 = (Uw4 . A w4. Δ T) + (Udoor . A door. Δ T)

Wall 1
Hroof= Uroof . Aroof . Δ T

Door Hroof= Ufloor . Afloor . Δ T

H= Thermal transmittance of the building envelope
U = Thermal transmittance (W/m2K) of a building element
A = Area (m2) which has the same material properties (section)
THERMAL BRIDGE
The building envelope components may consist of different materials. Therefore,
heat transmittance will also different for different building sections.

Thermal bridge occurs at the building part which has a

higher heat loss and thus the internal surface
temperature is lower due to different material
configuration.

https://www.poahbod.org
THERMAL BRIDGE

Typical thermal bridges in building

HEAT LOSS BY AIR CHANGE
• Infiltration (air leakage)
• Natural Ventilation
Factors
• Air change rate
• Temperature difference

beepindia.org

Wolf D., Tyler F., Characterization of

Air Leakage in Residential Structures
WHY WE NEED VENTILATION?

• Health ventilation
• Minimum fresh air supply to eliminate air pollutants that threatens the human
health
• [ Pollutants: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, particles, vb.]

• Comfort ventilation
• Ventilation for the acclimatization of the rooms

• Reducing the condensation risk

Condensation
When moisture in the air comes into contact with a colder surface, like a wall or window, the
warm air is unable to hold the same amount of moisture and the water is released onto the
colder surface, creating tiny droplets of water to appear, which is more commonly referred to
as condensation.

envirovent
Condensation
When moisture in the air comes into contact with a colder surface, like a wall or window, the
warm air is unable to hold the same amount of moisture and the water is released onto the
colder surface, creating tiny droplets of water to appear, which is more commonly referred to
as condensation.
Condensation
The air contains water vapour. The higher the air temperature, the more water vapour it can
hold. Where warm air contacts a cold surface, it cools. When the air cools below a temperature
known as the ‘dew point’, invisible water vapour condenses to visible water droplets on the
cold surface
Condensation – Influence of climate conditions
Generally the direction of vapour flow can be classified as follows:

Cold climates: The vapour pressure is usually lower outside due to the fact that indoor temperatures are well above those
outside. In addition to this we tend to generate moisture within our homes, which often results in higher indoor vapour
pressure. Therefore in cold climates the vapour flow is typically outward.

Temperate climates: Other than during seasonal extremes, the vapour pressure difference is not great because the
difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures and vapour pressure levels is less.

Tropical climates: Tropical climates typically have high outdoor temperatures combined with high relative humidity,
resulting in high outdoor vapour pressure. This creates
a slight inward vapour flow. For an air-conditioned
building in a tropical climate the indoor vapour
pressure is reduced as both the indoor temperature
and humidity is reduced. This results in a large vapour
pressure difference, creating a much greater inward
vapour flow.
Condensation
Condensation
Condensation becomes a major problem when it occurs INSIDE the construction.

DAMP, MOLD, FUNGUS DAMAGE

Condensation
Condensation becomes a major problem when it occurs INSIDE the construction.

DAMP, MOULD, FUNGUS DAMAGE

Condensation
House dust mite
How to Prevent Condensation?
• Circulate the air, increase the ventilation.
• Analyze and design the construction materials and their thicknesses
• Add ventilated air gaps inside the construction
• Use vapor barriers (retarders) where necessary
How to Prevent Condensation?
• Circulate the air, increase the ventilation.
• Analyze and design the construction materials and their thicknesses
• Add ventilated air gaps inside the construction
• Use vapor barriers (retarders) where necessary