ISTANBUL KULTUR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

ARC 5024 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2

Dr. H. Nur KIZILYAPRAK

THERMAL COMFORT & CALCULATION OF HEATING LOAD

The designer’s main tasks are;

• to create as good as possible environment, both inside and

outside the building for all human activities.

• to satisfy the occupants’ thermal, visual and acoustical comfort

for human health and higher productivity in work.
THERMAL COMFORT
In agreement with ASHRAE’s Standard 55-81, thermal comfort is
defined as that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with
the thermal environment.
THERMAL COMFORT
• FACTORS INFLUENCING THERMAL COMFORT IN BUILDING

Thermal comfort is affected both by environmental and personal

factors.
THERMAL COMFORT
• CONDITIONS FOR THERMAL COMFORT
 Air temperature
• This is the temperature of the air surrounding the body. It is
usually given in degrees Celsius (°C).

Radiant temperature
• Thermal radiation is the heat that radiates from a warm
Environmental Factors

object. Radiant heat may be present if there are heat

sources in an environment.
• Examples of radiant heat sources include: the sun; fire;
electric fires; ovens; kiln walls; cookers; dryers; hot surfaces
and machinery, molten metals etc.
Air velocity
• This describes the speed of air moving across the people
and may help cool them if the air is cooler than the
environment.
Humidity
• If water is heated and it evaporates to the surrounding
environment, the resulting amount of water in the air will
provide humidity.
 Clothing insulation
• Thermal comfort is very much dependent on the insulating
effect of clothing on the wearer.

Metabolic heat
• The more physical work we do, the more heat we produce.
The more heat we produce, the more heat needs to be lost
so we don’t overheat. The impact of metabolic rate on
thermal comfort is critical.
Personal Factors

• A person’s physical characteristics should always be borne

in mind when considering their thermal comfort, as factors
such as their size and weight, age, fitness level and sex can
all have an impact on how they feel.
THERMAL COMFORT
• HEAT TRANSFER

Heat lost or gain = Heat transfer

THERMAL COMFORT
• HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH BUILDING ENVELOPE
Buildings;
gain heat from lose heat to
warm air or sunlight cold air and by radiation

-1 0C
30 0C

21 0C 21 0C
THERMAL COMFORT
• WHAT IS HEAT LOAD?

Heat load is the term for;

the amount of heating or cooling needed to maintain desired

temperature and humidity in controlled air.
THERMAL COMFORT
• CALCULATING HEATING LOADS

The aim of calculating the heat loads is firstly;

• to establish the heat requirement of each room (by adding all
the room requirements together) and
• to establish the total heat requirement for the property
• Engineers use heat load calculations to determine the HVAC
needs of the space being cooled or heated.
THERMAL COMFORT
• CALCULATING HEATING LOADS

The heating load calculation

begins with the determination
of heat loss through a variety of
building envelope components
and situations.
THERMAL COMFORT
• CALCULATING HEATING LOADS
Thermal heat loss occurs mainly via Conduction (transmission
losses) and Air infiltration.
• Transmission losses: through the confining walls, roofs,
ceiling, floor or other surfaces.

• Infiltration losses: air leaking in through cracks and crevices

around doors and windows or through open doors and
windows, and through porous building materials.
THERMAL COMFORT
• CALCULATING HEATING LOADS
• Calculation of heat transfer for building envelop (separately for each
building element) (transmission losses)
Qn = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
• Calculation of heat transfer through all surfaces of building envelop.
Qo= Q1+Q2+........+Qn
• Calculation of heat loss by conduction.
Qc = Qo (1+%ZD+ZH+%ZW)
• Calculation of heat loss by infiltration.
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE
• Calculation of TOTAL HEAT LOSS of the building
QT = Qc+Qi
THERMAL COMFORT
• CALCULATING HEATING LOADS

TRANSMISSION LOSSES
The transfer of heat is calculated using 'U Values' together with
the surface areas of the various structural components and the
temperature difference between the two sides of the structure
concerned.

Q n= UO x A (Tİ –TO)
 OVERALL HEAT
TRANSFER COEFFİCİENT SURFACE AREAS

HEAT TRANSFER – total heat loss

Q = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
INSIDE TEMPERATURE OUSIDE TEMPERATURE

Temperature difference
(∆T)
 Q = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
Overall heat transfer coefficient
(UO value)
… is the unit amount of heat transmitted in a unit time (1 hour), through a unit
component of a building surface area (1m²), when difference between the temperatures
is 1° C.

INSIDE
OUTSIDE
Overall heat transfer coefficient Weight of unit volume of
(UO value) (W/m2 0C) a material (kg/m3)

1
Uo =
1 d1 d2 dn 1
+ + + ..... + +
i 1 2 n e

Internal surface external surface

heat transfer coefficient heat transfer coefficient
Thermal Conductivity of
a material (W/mK)
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL PROPERTIES
No Materials Weight of unit volume Thermal Conductivities
d (kg/m3) h (W/mK)

1 Natural Stones
1.1 Crystallized igneous and metamorphic stones(granite, basalt, marble) > 2800 3,5
1.2 Sedimentary stones (sand stone, travertine, conglomerate, etc.) 2600 2,3
1.3 Porous igneous stones < 1600
0,55
2 Soils( under the natural moisture conditions 1800 1,4
2.1 Sand, Sand gravel 2000 2,1
2.2 Clay, silt
3 Loose Fills (under the dry-air and covered conditions) 1800 0,7
3.1 Sand, gravel, fine gravel < 1000 0,19
3.2 Pumice gravel (TS 3234) < 600 0,13
3.3 Blast furnice slag < 1000 0,23
3.4 Clinker < 1200 0,22
3.5 Natural porous crushed stones < 1500 0,27
3.6 Expanded perlite aggregate(TS 3681) < 50 0,046
3.7 Expanded cork particulates < 100 0,058
3.8 Expanded polystyrene beads < 150 0,070
3.9 Saw dust, wood shavings < 200 0,081
3.10 Straw < 200 0,050
15 0,045
200 0,07
150 0,058
 U VALUES FOR WINDOWS AND DOORS
DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWS DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWS WITH
(without coatings) LOW-E COATING
SINGLE
Overall Heat Transfer Coef.(U) GLAZED
(W/m2 0C) WINDOWS AIR GAP (mm) AIR GAP (mm)

6 9 12 16 6 9 12 16

WITHOUT SASH 5.7 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.6

WOODEN SASH
5.1 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.0
(oak, ashen / hard trees)

WOODEN SASH
4.9 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.8
(pine / soft trees)

PLASTIC SASH
5.2 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1
(2 rooms)

PLASTIC SASH
5.0 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.1 1.9
(3 rooms)

ALUMINIUM SASH 5.9 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.0 2.8

ALUMINIUM SASH
5.2 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1
(with isolation)
U Values Recommended for Different Regions According to TS 825
 Q = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
The Surface Area (A)
The area of each type of building component, is simply measured. Where a window or
door is included on a wall, just measure area of the whole wall, and subtract the area
of the window/door.
 Q = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
Temperature difference (∆T)
The temperature difference should not be thought of as just between the inside of a
property and the outside temperature; the differences between adjacent rooms should
also be considered.

OUTSIDE INSIDE
T o: 3 0 C T i: 21 0 C

∆T : 21-3=17 0 C
 External Design Temperatures W: Windy Region
°C CITY °C CITY °C
CITY
Adapazarı -3 W Çorum -15 Manisa -3 W
Adana 0R Denizli -6 Maraş -9
Adıyaman -9 Diyarbakır -9 W Mardin -6
Afyon -12 W Edirne -9 Mersin +3
Ağrı -24 Elazığ -12 Muğla -3 W
Aksaray -15 Gaziantep -9 Muş -18
Amasya -12 Gemlik -3 W Nevşehir -15
Ankara -12 W Giresun -3 Niğde -15 W
Antakya 0W Gümüşhane -12 Ordu -3
Antalya +3 W Hakkari -24 Rize -3
Artvin -9 Isparta -9 Samsun -3 W

Select the design value of outdoor Aydın

Balıkesir
-3 W
-3 W
İstanbul
İzmir
-3 W
0
Siirt
Sinop -3 W
-9

air temperature Bartın -3 W İzmit -3 W Sivas -18

Batman -9 Karabük -12 Tekirdağ -6 W
Bilecik -9 W Kars -27 Tokat -15
The design value of the outdoor air Bingöl -18 W Kastamonu -12 Trabzon -3

temperature is selected by means of a table Bitlis -15 Kayseri -15 Tunceli -18
Bolu -15 Kırklareli -9 W Urfa -6
according to the region. Burdur -9 Kırşehir -12 Uşak -9 W
Bursa -6 W Konya -12 Van -15
Çanakkale -3 W Kütahya -12 Yozgat -15
In this table, W determines windy regions. Çankırı -15 Malatya -12 Zonguldak -3 W
 Indoor Air Design Temperatures

°C
RESIDENCES

Living room 22

Bedroom, Kitchen, WC 20

Bathroom 24

Hall, Doorway, Corridor 15

Stairs, lift spaces 10

Selecting the design values of indoor
air temperatures
From the thermal comfort point of view, the
design values of the indoor air temperatures
are selected by means of table.
Calculating the total heat transfer through all surfaces
Qo= Q1+Q2+........+Qn
Qo :heat transfer through (the wall, roof, ceiling, floor or glass)
 Aspects not included

The above calculations do not take into account thermal energy

introduced within the property.
• The two main contributors are;
o the people occupying the property and
o the heat generated by cooking and use of hot water for washing etc.

In general these contributions can be ignored.

 Additions
Addition due to orientation (ZH) - orientation coefficient

• Orientation is not taken into account in the calculation of the

transmission load.
• In order to evaluate the effect of the orientation on the total heat loss,
a coefficient which is based on the orientation is used.
Orientation Factor ( Z H )

S SW W NW N NE E SE
SIDE

ZH% -5 -5 0 5 5 5 0 -5
 Additions
Addition due to Heating period (ZD ) operation coefficient

If the heating system is operated during,

• 24 hours ZP is taken as 0,07
• 14 hours ZP is taken as 0,20
• 10 hours ZP is taken as 0,30
Pick-up Load (Z D )

D= Q0 / A top ( ti – td ) (W/m2/°C)
OPERATING
OPERATION TYPE PERIOD
0.1–0.29 0.3–0.6 0.7–1.4 > 1.5

Continuous ( Residence, hospital) 24 h 7 7 7 7

Interrupted (School, bureau) 14 h 20 15 15 15

Interrupted (Mosque , sport hall) 10 h 30 25 20 15

 Additions
Addition due to Room Height (ZR) - room height coefficient

If the room height is more than 4m, transmission heat loss is exceeded
%0,5 for every added 1m room height.
 Additions
Addition due to building height (ZW) in multi - storey buildings
changes with the number of the floor
Building Height Factor

NUMBER OF STOREY
LOAD 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

%0 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 4.3.2.1 5.4.3.2.1

%5 4 4 5.4 5.4 5.4 6.5.4 6.5.4 6.5.4 6.5.4 6.5.4 7.6.5 8.7.6

%10 5 6 6 7.6 8.7 9.8.7 9.8.7 9.8.7 9.8.7 10.9.8 11.10.9

13.12.1
%15 7 8 9 10 10 11.10 12.11.10 14.13.12
1

%20 11 12 13 14 15
 Losses
Calculation the heat loss by conduction

Transmission heat loss by conduction can be calculated by the

following formula;

Qc = Qo (1+%ZD+ZH+%ZW) kcal/h or W
 Losses
Infiltration Loss

• Due to leakages in the building construction, opening and closing of

windows, etc. the air in the building shifts.
• Because houses are not air-tight, heat transfer caused by air infiltration
is considered.
 Losses
Infiltration Loss

Infiltration heat loss can be calculated by the following formula;

Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE W
 Losses
Infiltration Loss
a: air leakage per meter of crack length for window or door (m3/mh)
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE W
Air infiltration Coefficients of Doors and Windows (a) – m-m3/h

Per m length,a Air

Infiltration Coefficients
(m3/h)
Single glazed 3.0
Wooden or Plastic Sash Double glazed single sash 2.5
Double glazed double sash 2.0
Single glazed 1.5
Steel or Metal Sash Double glazed single sash 1.5
Double glazed double sash 1.2
Interior Doors (External doors Not watertight door (without sill) 40
are calculated as windows) Watertight door (with sill) 15
 Losses
Infiltration Loss
l: length of window or door crack to be considered, m
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE W
 Losses
Infiltration Loss
R: room location factor
This coefficient depends on the type of internal door and external window
area
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE W
Room Location Factor ( R ) External window area/ internal
door area
with cracks <3 3-9
Wooden or plastic window
without <1.5 1.5-3
with cracks <6 6-20
Steel or metal window
without <2.5 2.5-6
R= 0.9 R= 0.7
 Losses
Infiltration Loss
H: Building location coefficient
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE W
Building Location Factor ( H )

BUILDING LOCATION ATTACHED DETACHED

LANDSCAPING

Obstructed 0.28 0.39

Normal Region Exposed 0.48 0.67

Ex. exposed 0.70 0.97

Obstructed 0.48 0.67

Windy Region Exposed 0.70 0.97

Ex. exposed 0.95 1.31

 Losses
Infiltration Loss
Δt: temperature difference between inside and outside design
temperature, oC

ZE: In the case of both exterior wall have window in the room or there is
corner window ZE is taken as 1.2

Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE W
 Losses
Calculating Total Heat Loss of the room

In order to calculate total heat losses for a room, the losses due to the
transmission and infiltration are summed.

QT = Qt+Qi
THERMAL COMFORT
• CALCULATING HEATING LOADS
• Calculation of heat transfer for building envelop (separately for each
building element) (transmission losses)
Qn = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
• Calculation of heat transfer through all surfaces of building envelop.
Qo= Q1+Q2+........+Qn
• Calculation of heat loss by conduction.
Qc = Qo (1+%ZD+%ZH+%ZW)
• Calculation of heat loss by infiltration.
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE
• Calculation of TOTAL HEAT LOSS of the building
QT = Qc+Qi
• Calculation of heat transfer for building envelop (separately for each building
element) (transmission losses)
Qn = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
• Calculation of heat transfer through all surfaces of building envelop.
Qo= Q1+Q2+........+Qn
• Calculation of heat loss by conduction.
Qc = Qo (1+%ZD+ % ZH+%ZW)
• Calculation of heat loss by infiltration.
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE