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HEAT TRANSFER
BFB 40603 BUILDING SERVICES I
HEAT TRANSFER
2
BUILDINGS AND HEAT TRANSFER
q = k A dT / s
where
A is the area of the body (m2)
k is the body's thermal conductivity (W/m°C)
dT is the temperature difference across the body (°C)
s is the body's thickness (m)
DEFINITION AND TERMS: SI UNIT
Temperature C
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1. Thermal conductivity (k):
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Heat transfer coefficient.
a. Terms ending in ‘ANCE’ designate overall properties of a material and the
symbols used are capital letters.
– Conductance = C
– Resistance =R
– Transmittance = U
b. Terms ending in ‘IVITY’ refer to unit thickness (one meter) of a material and
the symbols used are lower case.
– Conductivity =k
– Resistivity =r
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■ CONDUCTION: HEAT TRANSFER FROM ONE PARTICLE TO ANOTHER IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH IT
(THROUGH SOLID MATERIALS)
■ THERMAL CONDUCTANCE : THE RATE OF HEAT FLOW THROUGH A UNIT AREA OF A BODY PER UNIT OF
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
Q = C x A x (T1-T2)
where
Q : CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER (BTUH OR W)
C : MATERIAL CONDUCTANCE (BTU/HR.FT2.OF OR W/M2.OC)
A : SURFACE AREA (FT2 OR M2)
T1 : HIGHER TEMPERATURE (OF OR OC)
T2 : LOWER TEMPERATURE (OF OR OC)
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■ THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OR CONDUCTIVITY
: THE ABILITY OF A SUBSTANCE TO TRANSMIT HEAT BY CONDUCTION
C =
k
x
where
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■ RESISTANCE (R) & RESISTIVITY (r) THE INSULATING QUALITY OF MATERIAL
■ CONDUCTANCE (C) & CONDUCTIVITY (k) THE ABILITY OF MATERIAL TO CONDUCT HEAT
1 1 k
C = = =
R rx x
1 x
R = = rx =
C k
■ NOTICE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONDUCTANCE (C) AND CONDUCTIVITIY :
k FOR SAND AND GRAVEL OR STONE AGGREGATE CONCRETE POURED IN PLACE
: 12 BTUH/FT2.OF
THICKNESS OF THAT CONCRETE : 2 IN.
SO, TOTAL CONDUCTANCE (C) : 6 BTUH/FT2.OF
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■ IN PRACTICE, THE RESISTANCE (R-VALUE) OF MATERIAL IS MOST COMMONLY USED
■ THE R-VALUE : THE NUMBER OF HOURS (OR SECONDS) REQUIRED FOR 1 BTU
(JOULE) TO PENETRATE 1 FT2 (OR M2) OF A MATERIAL FOR EACH DEGREE OF
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO SIDES
■ THE HIGHER THE R-VALUE, THE SLOWER (MORE HOURS REQUIRED FOR) THE HEAT
TRANSFER THROUGH A MATERIAL
R = R1 + R2 + R3 +…
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CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS RESISTANCE
FT2.F/BTUH M2.OC/WATT
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CONVECTION
CONVECTION
■ DEFINITION
: HEAT TRANSFER BEING CARRIED BY A LIQUID OR GAS (FLUID MOTION)
COMBINATION OF CONDUCTION + FLUID FLOW
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Natural & Forced Convection
Heat transfer through a double-pane window
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CONVECTION IN BUILDING
Convective air movement in buildings is very important to:
■ Help moderate internal temperatures.
■ Reduce the accumulation of moisture, odours and other gases that
can build up during occupied periods.
■ Improve the comfort of occupants.
Air movement in buildings can be 'forced' convection (for example driven
by fans), or 'natural' convection resulting from pressure differences
between one part of the building and another.
In winter, convective air currents in the attic continuously circulate because heat flow is upward causing the
warm light air to rise and cooler heavier air to drop.
In summer, heat flow is down. The lighter warmer air stays at the top of a sealed, unventilated attic and at the
ceiling of the rooms in the house.
CONVECTION IN BUILDING
Natural air movement can be either wind driven, or buoyancy driven.
■ Wind-driven air movement is caused by a difference in pressure
between the inside and outside of the building caused by wind.
■ Buoyancy-driven air movement is caused by the tendency for warm air
to expand, and so become less dense and more buoyant, rising
through the general air mass. Conversely cool air contracts, becoming
more dense and less buoyant and falling through the air mass. This
can create circulating currents of rising and falling air.
Wind Driven VS Buoyancy Driven
CONVECTION IN BUILDING
■ Convection heat transfer in building results from the movement of air
of different temperatures and can be used to maintain internal
comfort, either through heat exchange between the air and the
internal surfaces of a building, or by heat exchange with sources of
heating or cooling, sometimes driven by fans.
■ Convection can be noticeable above hot radiators where warm air
rises, or next to window where there may be a cold downdraught.
These effects can be exploited at a larger scale in systems such as
displacement ventilation, ventilation and in passive building
design through effects such as the stack effect.
■ THE CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
Q = f x A x (T1-T2)
where
Q : CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER (BTUH OR W)
f : FILM CONDUCTANCE/COEFFICIENT (BTU/HR.FT2.OF OR W/M2.OC)
A : SURFACE AREA (FT2 OR M2)
T1 : HIGHER TEMPERATURE (OF OR OC)
T2 : LOWER TEMPERATURE (OF OR OC)
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RADIATION
RADIATION
■ RADIATION: HEAT TRANSFER BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
(EXAMPLE : THE SUN’S RAYS AND THE HOT COALS OF A FIRE)
■ WHEN RADIANT ENERGY COMES IN CONTACT WITH AN OBJECT OR MEDIUM, IT CAN
BE:
REFLECTED FROM THE SURFACE (ULTRAVIOLET RAYS TO GLASS)
TRANSMITTED THROUGH
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ALL RADIATION TRAVELS IN A STRAIGHT LINE AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT
(186,000 MILES/SEC), BUT AT DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS
Q = U x A x (T1-T2)
where
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Principles of U-value
■ U-value is a measure of the rate of heat transfer through a one-square-metre area of a
material for every temperature degree difference under a standardized condition. (The
usual standard is a temperature gradient of 24 °C, at 50% humidity with no wind.)
■ It is a factor for consideration in the design of buildings, and the choice of building
materials.
■ The lower the U-value, the lower the rate of heat transfer per unit area and the higher
its resistance to heat flow, which is desirable in building construction.
U-value
𝑄
𝑈=
𝐴 . 𝑇𝐷𝑒𝑞
■ This tells us there is less heat transfer through a double glazed window than a single
glazing, i.e., double glazing has a significantly better insulation performance.
Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)
■ It is a value that indicates the average rate
of heat transfer into a building through the
building envelope.
ELEVATION 2 (South) 360 148 15 0.56 0.411 0.589 1.9 N/A N/A 3384.158
ELEVATION 3 (East) 360 148 15 0.56 0.411 0.589 1.9 N/A N/A 3384.158
ELEVATION 4 (North) 360 148 15 0.56 0.411 0.589 1.9 N/A N/A 3384.158
ELEVATION 1 (West) 360 148 6 N/A 0.411 N/A 3.1 N/A N/A 2752.056
THROUGH WINDOW THROUGH WINDOW
ELEVATION 2 (South) 360 148 6 N/A 0.411 N/A 3.1 N/A N/A 2752.056
ELEVATION 3 (East) 360 148 6 N/A 0.411 N/A 3.1 N/A N/A 2752.056
ELEVATION 4 (North) 360 148 6 N/A 0.411 N/A 3.1 N/A N/A 2752.056
ELEVATION 1 (West) 360 148 194 N/A 0.411 N/A N/A 0.94 0.3 8094.596
ELEVATION 2 (South) 360 148 194 N/A 0.411 N/A N/A 0.92 0.3 7922.370
ELEVATION 3 (East) 360 148 194 N/A 0.411 N/A N/A 1.23 0.3 10591.865
ELEVATION 4 (North) 360 148 194 N/A 0.411 N/A N/A 0.90 0.3 7750.145
Equation for Solar Heat Gain Through WIndow = 194 x CF x WWR x Sc ∑ 34358.975
OVERAL BUILDING OTTV (W/m2) = TOTAL OTTV Components / Total Area of wall 40.905
Quiz.. Yeayy!!
■ Calculate the OTTV of an office building
as shown in Figure Q1(c) when the
temperature outside the building is
30.5 ºC and the indoor temperature is
26 ºC. Assume that the four elevations
of the building are identical, the U- value
of the wall is 1.9 Wm-2C-1 and the solar
absorptivity of the wall α is 0.56. The U
– value of the window is 3.1 Wm-2c-1
and shading coefficient of the window
glass, SC is 0.3 Determine whether this
building follows the OTTV standard in
Malaysia (50 Wm-2) or not
Roof Thermal Transfer Value (RTTV)
■ The calculation of OTTV does not include the roof plane, but the thermal
transmittance (Roof U-value) of the roof construction is important.
■ The roof for all buildings (residential and non residential) shall not have a thermal
transmittance (U-value) greater than:-
– (a) 0.4 W/m2K for Light (under 50 kg/m2) weight roof; and
– (b) 0.6 W/m2K for Heavy (above 50 kg/m2) weight roof, Unless provided with
other shading or cooling means.
RTTV
■ U-values are worked out from the Thermal Resistance of the respective materials
making up the Roof, this similar to the Wall U-values calculation.
■ U-value is the heat transmission value of the composite roof in W/m2K, and is
inversely proportional to R,
U = 1 / R total
■ Clause 5.6.1 The concept of RTTV applies if the roof is provided with skylight, and
the entire enclosure below is fully air-conditioned.