FME9 HEAT TRANSFER

Topic 2: STEADY STATE ONE

DIMENSIONAL
CONDUCTION HEAT
TRANSFER
Conduction – the mode of heat transfer in which heat travels from region of high temperature to
a region of lower temperature because of direct contact between the molecules of the medium.
It is the flow of heat through solids or stationary fluids.
• Thermal conductance in metallic solids is due to molecular vibrations within the metallic
crystalline lattice and movement of free valence electrons through the lattice
• In stationary liquids, heat is transmitted by longitudinal vibrations, similar to sound
waves. The net transport theory explains heat transfer through gases. Hot molecules
moves faster than cold molecules. Hot molecules travel to cold areas with greater
frequency than cold molecules travel to hot areas.

Conduction – the only heat transfer mode in opaque solid media. When a temperature gradient
exists in such body, heat will be transferred from the higher to lower temperature region.

Conduction Equation – a mathematical expression on the conservation of energy in solid

substance.

Steady state conduction – a conduction of heat if the temperature is dependent on time

Unsteady state conduction – a conduction of heat if the temperature is independent on time

Thermal conductivity (also known as the thermal conductance), k, is a measure of the rate at
which a substance transfers thermal energy through a unit thickness
• Units of thermal conductivity; Btu/hr-ft2-°F or W/ m2-°C

Assumptions for Conduction Heat Transfer Computations

1. The heat transfer is a steady state
2. The heat path is one dimensional (Objects are infinite in one or more direction and do
not have any end effects)
3. The heat has a constant area
4. The heat path consists of a homogenous material with constant conductivity.
5. The heat path consists of anisotropic materials
• Anisotropic materials are materials having different properties in all directions at point in
solid, or a material whose heat transfer properties depend on the direction of heat flow.
6. There is no internal heat generation.

Fourier’s Law
The rate of which heat is transferred by conduction, qk, is proportional to the temperature
gradient, dT/dx, times the area, A, through which heat is transferred:
FME9 HEAT TRANSFER

𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑘 ∝ 𝐴( )
𝑑𝑥
When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer from the high-
temperature region to the low-temperature region. The heat-transfer rate per unit area is
proportional to the normal temperature gradient.

Conduction Heat Transfer on Plane Wall

Figure 1.1 below illustrates the temperature-wall thickness diagram (tenmperatur profile) of heat
transfer

Figure 1.1 Temperature Profile Diagram

Conduction Heat Transfer Equation

𝑑𝑇 𝑘 𝑘
𝑞𝑘 = −𝑘𝐴 ( ) = − 𝐴(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝐴(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
𝐴 𝐴
𝑞𝑘 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝐿 𝑅𝑡
𝑘
Where, k = thermal conductivity of the wall material, W/m-oC, Btu/hr-ft-oF
L = wall thickness, m, ft
Rt = thermal resistance of the wall material, m2-oC/W, Hr-ft2-oF/Btu
A = wall surface area, m2, ft2
T1 = temperature of the hotter surface, K, oR
T2 = temperature of the colder surface, K, oR
qk = conduction heat transfer, W, Btu/hr

Varying Conductivity
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For many materials the thermal conductivity is not uniform but varies with temperature:
𝑘(𝑇) = 𝑘0 (1 + 𝛽𝑇)
Where, ko = value of conductivity at reference temperature
β = empirically determined constant

Heat transfer with varying conductivity:

𝑘0 𝐴 𝛽 2 2 𝑘𝑚 𝐴
𝑞𝑘 = [(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) + (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )] = [(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )]
𝐿 2 𝐿
Where, km = value of conductivity at the average temperature, (T 1 + T2)/2.

Exercise 1.1
A glass window in a storefront has an area of 12 m2 and a thickness of 1 cm. The thermal
conductivity of the glass is 0.8 W/m2-°C. On a cold day, outside surface temperature of the
glass is -1 °C and the inside temperature is 3 °C. Determine a) the heat transfer rate through
the glass, and b) the temperature at a plane midway between the inside and outside glass
surfaces.

Exercise 1.2
A building wall has a surface area of 500 m2 and a thermal conductance of 0.7 W/m-K the wall
thickness is 20 cm. The outside wall temperature is 0 °C and the inside wall temperature is 20
°C. Determine a) the capacity of the heating plant in W necessary to make up for heat loss
through the wall b) the heatflux through the wall.
FME9 HEAT TRANSFER

Heat Conduction Through Plane Wall in Series (Composite Wall)

For steady state, the rate of heat flow through all the section must be the same.

Figure 1.2 Plane Wall in series

For steady state, one dimensional, heat flow:

𝐴(𝑇1 − 𝑇4 )
𝑞𝑘 = 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝐵 𝑘𝐴 𝐶

Heat transfer flow rate for multiplayer slab of N layers in perfect thermal
Contact
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖+1 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑁+1
𝑞𝑘 = 𝐿
= 𝐿
(𝑘𝐴) ∑𝑖=𝑁
𝑖=1 ( )
𝑖 𝑘𝐴 𝑖
Where, T1 = surface temperature of layer 1
TN ≠ 1 = surface temperature of layer N

Exercise 1.3
A furnace wall consists of a 1.2 cm thick stainless steel inner layer covered by a 5cm-thick outer
layer of asbestos board insulation. The temperature of the inside surface of the stainless steel is
800 K and the outside surface of asbestos is 350K. Determine a) the heat transfer rate through
Electric Analogy
the furnace wallfor
perconductance
unit area and b) the temperature of the interface between the stainless steel
and• asbestos.
AnalogyConductance
between the flow of heat
values and electricity.
: stainless steel, kA = 19 W/m-K; Asbestos, kb = 0.7 W/m-K
FME9 HEAT TRANSFER

qk → analogous to the flow of electricity L/kA

𝐿
→ analogous to resistance
𝑘𝐴
ΔT → analogous to potential difference
• The rate of Heat Transfer
∆𝑻
𝒒𝒌 =
𝑹𝒌
Where, qk = rate of heat transfer, W, Btu/hr
ΔT = thermal potential or difference, K, °R
Rk = thermal resistance, K/W, Hr-°R/Btu
• Thermal Resistance
𝐿
𝑅𝑘 =
𝑘𝐴
• R-value, the thermal resistance on a unit area basis:
𝐿
𝑅=
𝑘
where, R = R-value, °F-Hr/Btu, K-m2/W

• Thermal conductance, the reciprocal of thermal resistance

𝑘𝐴
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝐿
• Unit thermal conductance
𝑘
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝐿
• Heat transfer for layered wall A, B & C, figure 1.3 below
∆𝑇
𝑞𝑘 =
𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: ∆𝑇 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝐿
𝑅𝑎 = ( )
𝑘𝑎 𝑎
𝐿
𝑅𝑏 = ( )
𝑘𝑏 𝑏
𝐿
𝑅𝑐 = ( )
𝑘𝑐 𝑐

Figure 1.3. Electric Analogy on Plane Composite Wall

FME9 HEAT TRANSFER

Plane Wall in Parallel

Figure 1.4 Plane wall in parallel

AA

AB

kB
For the heat transfer:
𝑞𝑘 = 𝑞𝑘𝐴 + 𝑞𝑘𝐵
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 1 1 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞𝑘 = + = ( + ) (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) =
𝐿 𝐿 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝑇
( ) ( )
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝐵
1 1 1 𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝐵
Where: = + =
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵
𝑅𝑇 =
𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝐵

Plane Composite Wall in Series and Parallel

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐿𝐴
𝑅𝑎 = ( )
𝑘𝐴 𝑅𝐴
𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐵 = ( )
𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶
𝐿𝑐
𝑅𝑐 = ( )
𝑘𝑐 𝐴𝑐

For the rate of heat transfer:

∆𝑇 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞𝑘 = +
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵𝐶 + 𝑅𝐷 𝐿𝐴 𝑅 𝑅 𝐿
+ 𝐵 𝐶 + 𝐷
𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝑐 𝑘𝐷 𝐴𝐷
(∆𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑞𝑘 =
∑𝑛=𝑁
𝑛=1 𝑅𝑛
Where: N= number of layers in series
RN = thermal resistance at nth layer
(∆𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = temperature difference across two outer surfaces
FME9 HEAT TRANSFER

Lecture Worksheet 1
Solve the following problems as directed. Send your solution in the GClassroom.

[To be uploaded later]