MEng 131 L3

MEng 131
HEAT TRANSFER
Lesson No. 3
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
Lesson 3.1 Fourier’s Law of Conduction
• Conduction heat transfer is governed by Fourier’s Law.

• In 1822, Fourier postulated that the rate of heat transfer is proportional to the temperature
gradient present in a solid.
• The minus sign in the Fourier’s Law is required by the second law of thermodynamics:
thermal energy transfer resulting from a thermal gradient must be from warmer to a cooler
region.
Fourier’s Law
Q
q” =
A
Where:
q” – heat flux (BTU/hr-ft2) , W/m2
Q – heat transfer rate (BTU/hr) , W
A – area (ft2)
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Instructor: ENGR. AUREA ANNE J. ELE
Fourier’s Law at steady state
Heat Flux is the amount of heat transferred per unit area per unit time from or to a surface.
Lesson 3.2 Thermal Conductivity, Conductance and Resistance
Thermal Conductivity is the property of a material to conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in

terms of the Fourier’s Law for Heat Conduction. (It is denoted as k.)
𝑞𝑥
𝑘= where:
∆𝑡
x – thickness of the specimen (m)

t – temperature (K)
q – heat flux (W/m2)
FACTOR AFFECTING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal conductivity in materials depends on the following factors:
1. The temperature difference between the ends of the conductor

2. The length of the conductors
3. The cross-section area of the conductor
4. The nature of the material
Thermal conductivity in solid:
If you stir hot tea using a metal sponn, you will observe that the handle of the spoon
becomes warm.
▪ Solids that are good conductors of heat (metals) use both atom vibration and free
electrons to conduct heat.
Why liquids are poor conductors of heat?
This is because there are large inter-molecular distances between liquid molecules.
There are also fewer and rare collisions between the molecules.
Thermal conductivity in gases
Gases are worse conductors of heat because of large inter-molecular distance.
Thermal Resistance (R) is the temperature difference, at steady state, between two defined
surfaces of a material or construction that induces a unit heat flow through a unit area.
∆𝑡 𝐿
𝑅= =
𝑞 𝑘
Thermal Conductance (U) is the time rate of steady state heat flow through a unit are a of a
material or construction induces by a unit temperature difference between the body surfaces.
W/m2-K. It is the reciprocal of the R.
1 1
𝑈= =
𝑅𝑇 1 𝑥 𝑥 1
+ 1+ 2+
ℎ𝑖 𝑘1 𝑘2 ℎ𝑜
Heat Transfer in terms of over-all resistance, RT:

𝐴∆𝑇
𝑄=
𝑅𝑇
Heat Transfer in terms of over-all conductance, U:
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇
Lesson 3.3 Conduction through a Plane Wall
For steady state, unidirectional flow of heat through a homogenous plane wall, Fourier’s
equation gives the heat by conduction as:
𝑘𝐴 (𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑄=
𝑥
where:
Q – heat transmitted, W
A – heat transfer area, m2
t1 – surface temperature on hot side, °C or K
t2 – surface temperature on cold side, °C or K
x – thickness of the wall, m
𝑊 𝑊
k – thermal conductivity or
𝑚− ℃ 𝑚−𝐾
Lesson 3.4 Conduction through Composite Plane Walls
For a composite wall shown in the figure, if the heat flows in series first through one slab
and then another, Fourier’s equation can be applied as:
𝑘1 𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑄1 =
𝑥1
𝑘2 𝐴(𝑡2 − 𝑡3 )
𝑄2 =
𝑥2
𝑘3 𝐴(𝑡3 − 𝑡4 )
𝑄3 =
𝑥3
𝐴∆𝑡 𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡4 )
𝑄= =𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑅𝑇 1
+ 2+ 3
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
where: RT = overall resistance
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 --- for steady state heat transfer
CONDUCTION FROM FLUID TO FLUID
𝑄𝑖 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴(𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡1 )
𝑄𝑜 = ℎ𝑜 𝐴(𝑡4 − 𝑡𝑜 )
𝑘1 𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑄1 =
𝑥1
𝑘2 𝐴(𝑡2 − 𝑡3 )
𝑄2 =
𝑥2
𝑘3 𝐴(𝑡3 − 𝑡4 )
𝑄3 =
𝑥3
𝐴∆𝑡 𝐴(𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑜 )
𝑄= =
𝑅𝑇 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1
+ 1+ 2+ 3+
ℎ𝑖 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 ℎ𝑜
𝑊
where: hi – surface film conductance on hot side,
𝑚2 − ℃
𝑊
ho – surface film conductance on cold side ,
𝑚− ℃
Lesson 3.5 Conduction through Pipe
In conduction through pipe, assume that heat flows in the radial direction from inside to
outside surface. Fourier’s equation gives the heat loss as:
∆𝑡 𝑡1 − 𝑡2 𝑡1 − 𝑡2
𝑄= = 𝑟 =
𝑅𝑇 ln ( ) 2 𝑑
𝑟1 𝑙𝑛 ( 2 )
𝑑1
2𝜋𝑘𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐿
where:
𝑟
ln ( 2 )
𝑟1
R – resistance to heat flow : 𝑅 =
2𝜋𝑘𝐿
Lesson 3.6 Conduction through Composite Pipe
𝑡1 − 𝑡2 𝑡2 − 𝑡3
𝑄1 = 𝑟 𝑄2 = 𝑟
ln ( 2 ) ln ( 3 )
𝑟1 𝑟2
2𝜋𝑘1 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘2 𝐿
∆𝑡 𝑡1 − 𝑡3
𝑄= = 𝑟
𝑅𝑇 ln ( 2 ) ln (𝑟3 )
𝑟1 2
+
Note: For steady state heat transfer: Q = Q1 = Q2
where: Q1 – heat passes through layer 1

Q2 – heat passes through layer 2
Q – total amount of heat that passes through the layers
Lesson 3.7 Conduction from Fluids through Pipes
𝑄𝑖 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 (𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡1 ) 𝑄𝑜 = ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜 (𝑡3 − 𝑡𝑜 )
∆𝑡 𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ∆𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡3
𝑄1 = = 𝑄2 = =
𝑅1 ln (𝑟2 ) 𝑅2 ln (𝑟3 )
𝑟1 𝑟2
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑜
𝑄= = 𝑟2
𝑅𝑇 ln ( ) ln (𝑟3 )
1 𝑟1 2 + 1
+ +
𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝑘1 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘2 𝐿 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜
Note: For steady state heat transfer: Q = Q 1 = Q2

where: A1 = 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿
A2 = 2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿
hi = surface conductance on inside surface
ho = surface conductance on outside surface
Heat Transferred in terms of the Over-all Conductance:
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑡 or 𝑄 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑡
where:
Ui = overall conductance based on inside area
Uo = overall conductance based on the outside area

MEng 131 L3

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MEng 131

Lesson 3.1 Fourier’s Law of Conduction

• Conduction heat transfer is governed by Fourier’s Law.

Lesson 3.2 Thermal Conductivity, Conductance and Resistance

Thermal Conductivity is the property of a material to conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in

x – thickness of the specimen (m)

FACTOR AFFECTING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Thermal conductivity in materials depends on the following factors:

1. The temperature difference between the ends of the conductor

Why liquids are poor conductors of heat?

Thermal conductivity in gases

Gases are worse conductors of heat because of large inter-molecular distance.

Heat Transfer in terms of over-all resistance, RT:

Lesson 3.4 Conduction through Composite Plane Walls

where: RT = overall resistance

Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 --- for steady state heat transfer

Lesson 3.5 Conduction through Pipe

Note: For steady state heat transfer: Q = Q1 = Q2

where: Q1 – heat passes through layer 1

Lesson 3.7 Conduction from Fluids through Pipes

Note: For steady state heat transfer: Q = Q 1 = Q2

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