UNIT-I

HVAC (Part 1)
LECTURE-02
ARC 3107: Building Services – II (HVAC & Electrical Systems)

Prepared by
Dr Vipin Tandon
Assistant Professor
 Life Cycle
What is THERMAL COMFORT??
Activity The condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with
the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective
evaluation. (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55)

What is the task of an Architect?

Recovery Fatigue
To create the best possible indoor climate or even the
environment for the users, as they judge the quality
of design based on physical and emotional point of
Recovery view. (Air temperature, humidity, radiation and air
movement )
Recreation Rest Sleep

Affected by
Heat and
humidity
stress led to
Unfavourable Climatic illnesses and
Conditions accidents.

Thermal Comfort
Body Thermal Balance

Heat Continuous Biochemical Process Healthy Temperature Window

• Tissue building,
•
Between 98.6°F (37°C) and 100°F (37.8°C).
Energy conversion and
• muscular work. (Skin temp. is 31 to 34 deg.)

Metabolism: Food Energy

Body Heat Release
Metabolic heat production: The human body releases heat to the
• Basal metabolism: Heat production of vegetative, environment by evaporation, radiation,
automatic process. convection and to a lesser extent by
• Muscular metabolism: Heat production due to conduction.
consciously controlled work.

Activity watts
• Sleeping min. 70
• Sitting, moderate movement, e.g. typing 130–160
• Standing, light work at machine or bench 160–190
• Sitting, heavy arm and leg movements 190–230
• Standing, moderate work, some walking 220–290
• Walking, moderate lifting or pushing 290–410
• Intermittent heavy lifting, digging 440–580
• Hardest sustained work 580–700
• Maximum heavy work for 30-minutes duration max.
1100
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mechanisms-of-heat-excess-release-in-the-human-
body_fig1_260189978
Convection: is due to heat
transmission from the body to the air in
contact with the skin or clothing.
• Rate of convective heat loss is increased
with (a) faster air movement, (b) a lower
temperature and a higher skin
temperature.
Radiant heat loss: depends upon
temperature of the body surface and
temperature of opposing surface.
Conduction: Depends on temperature
difference of body surface and the object
the body is in direct contact with.
Evaporation: is governed by the rate
of evaporation which in turn depends on
the humidity of the air (dryer the air, the
faster the evaporation) and the amount
of moisture available for evaporation.
Evaporation takes place through
perspiration and sweating.
 FACTORS OF HUMAN THERMAL
COMFORT
•Factors that affect the human thermal comfort are classified under three
categories:

Exchange of Heat with respect to

Air Temperature

Air Temperature
• Air temperature is the
dominant
environmental factor,
as it determines
convective heat
FACTORS OF HUMAN THERMAL
COMFORT
Air Movement
 Accelerates convection.
Changes the skin and clothing surface heat
transfer coefficient.
Increases evaporation from the skin
(physiological cooling effect).

<0.1m/s stuffy
to 0.2 unnoticed
to 0.5 pleasant
to 1 awareness
to 1.5 draughty
>1.5 annoying Air Movement:
Keep < 1.5 m/s unless overheated

Relative Humidity
•Comfortable RH: Medium humidities (RH 30% to 65%).

•High humidities: Restrict evaporation (slow heat dissipation mechanism).

•Very low humidities: Drying out mucous membranes (mouth, throat) and skin
(Discomfort).
FACTORS OF HUMAN THERMAL
COMFORT
Radiation
Radiation exchange depends on the
temperature of surrounding surfaces.
 MRT (mean radiant temperature):
• It is a measure of
average temperature of the
surfaces that surround a
particular point, with which it will
exchange thermal radiation.
•Measured using Globe Radiation exchange in
Thermometer buildings
(Copper, 15cm dia., Matt Black
MRT Paint).
= GT (Globe Thermometer), when air velocity (v) = zero.
, when air velocity (v) is NOT zero

At or near comfort levels the difference between DBT and MRT should
be less than about 3K (keep < 3°C).

Globe
 HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT (Body Heat
Exchange)
•Average Human Heat output: 100W

•M± Rd ± Cv ± Cd − Ev = ΔS
where,
M = metabolic heat
production Rd = net radiation
exchange
Cv = convection (incl.
respiration) Cd = conduction
Ev = evaporation (incl. in
Heat exchanges of the
respiration) human body.
Comfort: ΔS = 0 (zero)
ΔS = change in stored heat.
M± Rd ± Cv ± Cd − Ev = 0 (zero)

A condition of equilibrium is that the sum (i.e. the

ΔS) is zero and such equilibrium is a precondition
of thermal comfort.
COMFORT: the condition of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment, it
requires subjective evaluation.
 SUBJECTIVE VARIABLES
Thermal comfort depends upon four climatic variables, but preferences can vary among individuals.
• Clothing: A person wearing a suit will require a temperature about 9
deg. lower than a naked body.
• Acclimatization: A person adjusts to a new set of climatic conditions in about 30 days. (A person in London
might be comfortable at 18 deg., but will be comfortable in India at 25 after spending a month).
• Age and sex.: Women have higher metabolic rates and their preference is 1 deg. Higher than men.
• Body Shape: A fat person with same weight as a thin person dissipates more heat due to larger surface area.
• Fat: Excellent insulator.
• State of health.
• Food and drink.
• Skin colour: Dark skin has melanin which prevents higher UV penetration than lighter skin.
Introduction to HVAC
Basic Definitions in HVAC
• Air Conditioning: The process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, purity,
distribution and movement and pressure to meet the requirements of the conditioned space.

• Air System Balancing: Adjusting air flow rates through air distribution system devices, such as fans and diffusers, by
manually adjusting the position of damper, splitter vanes, extractors, etc.

• Effective Temperature: Combined effects of air temperature, humidity, air movement, mean radiant temperature,
clothing and activity on the sensation of warmth or cold felt by the human body. Numerically equivalent to the
temperature of still air producing similar thermal sensation as produced by combination of above six parameters of
thermal comfort.

• Duct System: A continuous passageway for the transmission of air which, in addition to the ducts, may include duct
fittings, dampers, plenums, grilles and diffusers.

• Passive Cooling: A building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in
order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or zero energy consumption by using natural ventilation, air
cooling and shades.
• Passive Heating: Passive heating uses the energy of natural source such as the sun, to keep the occupants of
the building comfortable by design approach of building without the use of mechanical or electrical heating
systems.

• Hybrid Building: A building which contains both active and passive systems of heating or cooling. It requires
small amount of non-renewable energy to maintain required amount of coefficient of performance (COP).

• Mixed Mode Building: A hybrid approach to space conditioning that uses a combination of natural ventilation
and mechanical systems. These buildings utilize mechanical cooling only when and where it is necessary to
supplement the natural ventilation.
What are the parameters/details required to design the HVAC system??
Cooling Load / Heating Load
Wet Bulb Temperature
Dry Bulb Temperature
Type of the Building
Details of Building Construction and Orientation of exposures of Building
Components
Climate
Shading Factor
Occupancy
Size and Space of the building
 Air change per hour
Comfort/Requirement of the User
• Coefficient of Performance: it is unit less
Refrigeration effect/ Work Input

• Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): measured in BTU/W-h

Refrigeration effect/Electricity Consumed

• Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): measured in BTU/W-h

Refrigeration effect/Electricity Consumed
1kWh = 3412 Btu 
1Wh = 3.412 Btu

• A device that removes 1kWh of heat from the cooled space for each kWh of
electricity it consumes (COP=1) will have an ER of 3.412. therefore:

EER=3.412 COP or COP=0.293 EER

Why EER, SEER and ISEER is used?
EER is equal to the amount of heat removed per hour divided by the power consumed by the AC.

Various factors go into the computation of the EER. However, the accepted norm is: 35 degrees Celsius –
Outdoor temperature, 27 degrees Celsius – Indoor temperature, Humidity – 50%)

EER = BTU/hr/Watt.
ISEER: The concepts of EER and ISEER are the same. The only difference is the seasonal factoring.

• Cooling Seasonal Energy Consumption (CSEC): the total amount of energy consumed by the AC unit while it
is in active mode.

• Cooling Seasonal Total Load (CSTL): it is a computation of the total amount of heat removed by the AC in the
active mode.

Indian Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (ISEER)

ISEER = CSTL / CSEC

It is the ratio of the total amount of heat removed by the AC to the amount of energy consumed during the
process.

Assumption: to calculate the total annual energy or electricity consumption by the air conditioners is 1600
hours through the whole year. This annual temperature profile is based on the weather profile of 54 cities in
India.
https://www.beeindia.in/iseer-eer-bee-cop-star-ratings-ac/
 The defined ranges of EER rating:

The defined ranges of ISEER rating:

https://www.kitchenarena.in/iseer-eer-bee-star-ratings/
SEER vs EER

• SEER is the estimation of how much energy your new AC will use annually, accounting for seasonal changes
whereas EER is the most accurate to compare the two HVAC units.

• SEER rating of an AC is most commonly encountered when we look at the large units for the central air
conditioning. Whereas EER ratings are countered with portable mounted window air conditioners.

• SERR ratings of Air Conditioners are based on a standard test across a specific seasonal change whereas
EER ratings of the air conditioners are best used to compare the ACs objectively or doing any type of load
or engineering calculations.

https://www.beeindia.in/iseer-eer-bee-cop-star-ratings-ac/
 HEATING
• Convection

• Conduction

• Radiation

GENERATION OF HEAT
• Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including solid fuels, liquids, and gases.

• Another type of heat source is electricity, typically heating ribbons

made of high resistance wire. Ex: heaters
DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT

WATER/STEAM
• Piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms.
• Modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot
water through the distribution system .

AIR
• Warm air systems distribute heated air through duct work systems of supply and return air
through metal or fiberglass ducts.
• Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air
conditioning.
 Energy Efficiency
• In India, ACs run for eight hours a day and 252 days a year on an average 

• Five-star AC consumes lowest energy. According to BEE, if one star AC has an electricity bill of Rs
100 then a five-star AC will cost Rs 69 

• BEE 4-star rated 1.5-tonne AC would consume 194 units of electricity in a month compared to an
inefficient AC of the same size that would consume 278 units during the same period.

• An efficient 1.5-tonne AC would cost about Rs. 16, 500, whereas an ordinary AC would cost about
Rs 15, 000. The additional Rs. 1,500 invested on the efficient AC will be recovered in less than six
months due to savings in the electricity bill.

Source: CSE INDIA and BEE.

Source: Presentation By NISHA JOSE
Source: Presentation By NISHA JOSE
Source: Presentation By NISHA JOSE
Source: Presentation By NISHA JOSE
Source: Presentation By NISHA JOSE
Source: BEE
Central vs Decentralized System
HVAC system requirements
Central HVAC System equipment arrangement
All air single duct HVAC System for single zone
All air single duct HVAC System for multi zone
All air single duct HVAC System with terminal reheat and bypass dampers for multi zone
• the design of terminal reheat is not energy-efficient system
All air dual duct HVAC System
• modification of terminal reheat system
• more advantageous than terminal reheat system
References
• Chapter 4, Types of HVAC Systems by Shaimaa Seyam, HVAC Systems
Thank You