UNIT-I

HVAC (Part 1)
LECTURE-01
ARC 3107: Building Services – II (HVAC & Electrical Systems)

Prepared by
Dr Vipin Tandon
Assistant Professor
Ventilation

What is Ventilation and what is the need of ventilation ?

V E N T I L AT I O N
OBJECTIVES/ NECESSITY
FACTORS AFFECTING VENTILATION
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD VENTILATING SYSTEM
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS
CONCEPT OF AIR CHANGES
SYSTEMS OF VENTILATION
NATURAL AND MECHANICAL
COMPONENTS OF AIR CONDITIONING (AC)
DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR AC
Source: https://matsuniversity.ac.in/blog-ms-fashion-designing.php?id=51
 • Ventilation provides fresh air into a building to ensure good air quality for occupant
health and well-being.
• Ventilation controls indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; i.e.
used for purposes of thermal comfort or dehumidification.
• It also helps achieve desired indoor comfort levels which varies from individual to
individual.

Source: Yang T., Clements-Croome D.J. (2018) Natural Ventilation in Built Environment. In: Meyers R. (eds) Encyclopedia of
Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_488-3
NECESSITY OF VENTILATION

1. Ventilation air provides oxygen that is needed for human life processes; it takes about 4
s for inhaled air to pass through the respiratory system and transfer oxygen to the blood
and then to the brain; poor-quality air that is deficient in oxygen with consequent high
CO2 levels impedes clear thinking and concentration.
 
2.Ventilation air dilutes; the contaminants may be CO2 from respiration, odors secreted
through the human skin, cigarette smoke, or emissions from other processes such as dust,
allergens, aerosols, toxic gases, and particulates in general.
 
3.Ventilation promotes and directs air movement in the space, removing excessive heat
and/or moisture essential for comfort and well-being.

Source: Yang T., Clements-Croome D.J. (2018) Natural Ventilation in Built Environment. In: Meyers R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_488-3
INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)

IAQ is a term which refers to the air quality

within and around buildings and Guideline Values for Specific Physical Parameters
structures, especially as it relates to the
health and comfort of building occupants.

IAQ can be affected by gases (including CO,

radon, volatile organic compounds),
particulates, microbial contaminants
(mould, bacteria) or any mass or energy
stressor that can induce adverse health
conditions.
R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S O F D E S I G N G U I D E L I N E S
D e s i g n Fa c t o r s can be
Various building regulations suggest the
isolated which affect the following:
ventilation

1. Building orientation and location.

1. Orientation
2. Building form and dimensions.
2. External features 3. Window typologies and operations;
3. Cross-ventilation 4. Types, shape and size of openings;
4. Position of openings 5. Construction methods and detailing;
6. Urban planning consideration
5. Size of openings
6. Controls of openings
 Air changes / hour
 Requirements for an acceptable amount of fresh air supply in buildings will vary

depending on the nature of occupation and activity.

 Air changes per hour or ventilation rate is the preferred criteria for system

design.
Rate of Fresh Air Supply (BS 5720)
Rate of Air changes per hour (BS
5720)
 SYSTEM OF VENTILATION – Natural
The process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space without using any mechanical systems.
It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure or temperature differences.

B E N E F I T S of natural ventilation include:-

 Improved Indoor air quality (IAQ)

 Energy savings

 Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

 Occupant control

 Reduction in occupant illness associated with Sick Building Syndrome

 Increased worker productivity

SYSTEM OF VENTILATION – Cross ventilation
Natural Single-sided single opening

• Single-sided single-opening (wind turbulence) can be

effective up to a depth of two times the floor-to-ceiling height,
typically 4–6 m.

• Single-sided double-opening can be effective up to a depth of

2.5 times the floor-to-ceiling height, typically 7–8 m.

• Cross ventilation with ventilation openings on both sides,

generally opposite sides of a space, can be effective up to a
depth of five times the floor-to-ceiling height, typically 15 m.

Single-sided double
opening
Source: Yang T., Clements-Croome D.J. (2018) Natural Ventilation in Built Environment. In: Meyers R. (eds) Encyclopedia of
Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_488-3
Wind effect:
• Air flow around a building
• Wind pressure +ve windward side, -ve leeward side

Wind pressure depends on:

• Wind speed and direction
• Location and surrounding environment
• Shape of the building
• Wind pressure on building surfaces
Stack effect:
Air movement due to temperature
difference between indoor and outdoor
• Flow of air in vertical direction and
along the path of least resistance.
• Winter: air flowing up; Summer: air
flowing down.
• A neutral pressure level (NPL) exists
where the interior and exterior pressures
are equal.
For air to move into and out of a building, a
Combined effect of wind and
pressure difference is required
• Resistance to air flow through the building will affect the temp. difference
• Most commonly found
actual air flow rate
• The pressure difference is caused by: • Pressures due to each effect are
• Wind effect added together
• Stack or chimney effect • The relative importance of wind and
• Combination of both wind and stack effects stack
pressures depends on:
• Building height
• Internal resistance to vertical air
flow
• Location and flow resistance of
openings
• Local terrain and immediate
shielding
 SYSTEM OF VENTILATION - Mechanical
Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans rather than relying on airflow through
small holes or crack’s in a home’s wall, roof or windows.
BENEFITS of using mechanical ventilation:-
 Better indoor air quality –can remove pollutants, allergens, and moisture that can cause mold problems
 More control – provide proper fresh air flow along with appropriate locations for intake and exhaust
 Improved comfort – allow a constant flow of outside air into the home and can also provide filtration,
dehumidification, and conditioning of the incoming outside air.
These systems employ an electrically driven fan or fans to provide the necessary air movement;
They also ensure a specified air change and the air under fan pressure can be forced through filters. There are
3 TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS:
1) Natural inlet and mechanical extract (exhaust system).
2) Mechanical inlet and natural extract
3) Mechanical inlet and extract
 SYSTEM OF VENTILATION - Mechanical

Source: archi-monarch.com
Source: archi-monarch.com
Source: archi-monarch.com
I) NATURAL INLET & MECHANICAL EXTRACT

 This is the most common type of system and is used for kitchens, workshops,
laboratories, internal sanitary apartments, garages and assembly halls.
 The fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side, and this causes the air inside the room
to move towards the fan, and the room air is displaced by the fresh air from outside the
room.
II) MECHANICAL INLET &
NATURAL EXTRACT

 It is essential with this system that the air is

heated before it is forced into the building.
 The system may be used for boiler rooms, offices
and certain types of factories.
 The air may be heated in a central plant and
ducted to the various rooms, or a unit fan
convector may be used.
III) Mechanical inlet & extract

• It includes the centralized A.C system.

• This provides the best possible system of ventilation, but
it is also the most expensive and is used for many types
of buildings including cinemas, theatres, offices, lecture
theatres, dance halls, restaurants, departmental stores
and sports centers.
• The system is essential for operating theatres and
sterilizing rooms.
Thank You..!!