THE TRANSLATION AND ANALYSIS OF

INVESTMENT TERMS
(ENGLISH – INDONESIAN):
A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY

Name : Erwan
NPM : 95120009
Advisor : Dr. Ahmad Jum’a Khatib Nur Ali, M.Si

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH
The reason why this topic is important and interesting to be discussed because in reading an
investment book, the words, phrases and clauses or sentences of investment terms are not easy to be
translated or conveyed in the Indonesian as not all Indonesian people are familiar with the investment
terms. Łucja Biel & Vilelmini Sosoni (2017) argue that the translation of economic terms has its own
specificity. It is an interdisciplinary area of research and professional practice. That is why, the
translators have to understand the meaning of investment terms both in the source language and the
target language. They have to understand whether the terms in the source language and the target
language have the same meaning or not. Not to mention that investment terms themselves are actually
quite close to people in everyday life. People used investment terms when they are dealing with
investment, trading in stocks, mutual funds, and so on. However, investment terms have specific
technical meanings that is different to everyday usage. Confusion will arise when someone is uncertain
of the intended meaning of the investment terms. Furthermore, a translator role is to be able to translate
those investment terms without changing its meaning and make sure that the readers can understand
well when they read the translation. That is why it is really important to investigate the translation
procedures of investment terms in this study.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

PROBLEM FORMULATION AND PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

PROBLEM FORMULATION

How the investment terms are translated into Indonesian? and what
strategies of translation were used by the translator? These two questions
will be answered by analyzing the investment terms appeared in the source of
data

PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

According to the problem of the research, this research aims at: Finding factual
data how investment terms have been translated from English into
Indonesian

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 RESEARCH METHOD
Descriptive Analytical Study. Descriptive method produces data in form of written or spoken words about
people and behaviors that can be observed (Bogdan & Taylor, 1975). In the implementation of the method, the
collected data, which are biased on facts, are not only compiled but also analyzed by the researcher to draw
conclusions. (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) stated that findings of descriptive research are not obtained from the
means of statistical procedure or other means of qualification. Likewise, the aim of this study is examining
and giving explanation of the data verbally.
This study employed the mixed method design. Mixed method design is the combination of qualitative and
quantitative approach to collect and analyze data (Cresswell & Tashakkori, 2007).
The population of this research is all the investment terms that can be found from the source books. As for
sampling technique, purposive sampling technique is used. Purposive sampling technique is “a type of
sampling in which particular setting, person, or events are deliberately selected for the important information
they can provide that cannot be gotten as well from other choices” (Maxwell, 2005). According to Sugiyono
(2010), purposive sampling is a technique to determine research samples with certain considerations that aim
to make the data obtained become more representative.
Based on the opinions of the experts above, it can be concluded that this sampling technique is a technique in
collecting data from a population based on the existence of a specific target or goal in a study. In this
purposive sampling technique, the researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of
population to participate in the study. Therefore, the source of the data which are selected are the one related
to investment terms as well as the one that can give information about the problem of the research. There are
75 data which are taken randomly from the source books. Out of 75 chosen data, there will be 25 data taken
randomly to be analyzed.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 RESULT

Based on the above chart, it can be concluded

that the most dominant strategy used in
translating investment terms into Indonesian is
loan strategy.

Based on the result of the anlysis, out of 75

No Strategies Frequency
data found from the source book, the
1 Syntactic Strategy: Literal Translation 2
2 Syntactic Strategy: Loan 4
researcher has analyzed 25 data. The
3 Syntactic Strategy: Unit Shift 2 translation strategies used are as follow:
4 Syntactic Strategy: Calque 4
5 Syntactic Strategy: Cohesion Change 2
6 Syntactic Strategy: Phrase Structure Change 1
7 Semantic Strategy: Distribution Change (Compression) 3
8 Semantic Strategy: Distribution Change (Expansion) 3
9 Semantic Strategy: Paraphrase 2
10 Pragmatic Strategy: Information Change (Addition) 1
11 Pragmatic Strategy:Information Change (Omission) 1
  TOTAL 25

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 FINDINGS

The data in this study are analyzed based on Alan Duff’s (1990, pp. 10-11) Principles of
Translation and translation strategies according to Chesterman (2016, pp. 91-108). There
30 translation strategies and 6 principles of translation. However, based on the result of the
analysis, it is concluded that not all the translation strategies and principles of translation
are applied. It could happen because there are only 25 data analyzed. If in this study the
data uses more than 25 data, there will be more translation strategies and principle of
translation used in the translation of the source book.

The researcher expected to have more literal translation of the investment terms. However,
since the investment terms taken from the source book is in particular used for investment,
most strategies used are loan. It happens because in Indonesian does not have the exact
vocabulary.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 DATA ANALYSIS
Datum 1: Literal Translation
Source Text: Target Text: Literal
With most money managers unable to add value to their Karena sebagian besar manajer uang tidak mampu menambah nilai
clients' accounts, active money management is increasingly ke akun para klien mereka, manajemen uang aktif semakin
viewed as a "satellite" strategy, a smaller adjunct to the much dipandang sebagai strategi “satelit”, sebuah tambahan kecil bagi
larger indexing strategy. strategi pengindeksan yang jauh lebih besar.
Source: Hagstrom, Robert. The Essential Buffet. New York: Source: Daras Books. 2010. The Essential Buffet. Jakarta: Daras
John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 21 Books. p. 20
Analysis:

According to financial dictionary of freedictionary.com active means a market in which there is frequent trading. In the same dictionary,
money is described as a generally accepted medium for the exchange of goods and services, for measuring value, or for making payments
and management is described as the people who administer a company, create policies, and provide the support necessary to implement
the owners' business objectives. Active money management according to financial dictionary of freedictionary.com is an investment
approach that purposely shifts funds either between asset classes (asset allocation), sectors (sector rotation), or between individual
securities (security selection) in order to seek superior returns. According to online oxford learners dictionary, the word active means
always busy doing things, and the word money means what you earn by working or selling things, and use to buy things, while the word
management means the activity of running and controlling a business or similar organization. According to kamus Inggris Indonesia by
Echols and Shadily (2010), the word active means aktip, giat, bersemangat (hlm. 9), while the word money means uang (hlm. 384) and
the word management means direksi, pimpinan, ketatalaksanaan, pengelolaan (hlm. 372). The phrase ...active money management...in
the source text is translated literally into ...manajemen uang aktif...in the target text,thus it is called literal translation.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 DATA ANALYSIS
Principle of Translation

(Duff, 1990) proposed: “a. meaning. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text.
Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed ... “(p.10).

Example:
Source Text: Target Text: Literal
The majority of traders and investors lost money on a consistent Mayoritas trader dan investor kehilangan uang secara
basis konsisten.
Source: Smitten, Richard. 2005. Trade Like Jessie Livermore. New Source: Trader08. 2015. Trade Like Jessie Livermore.
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p. 3 Jakarta: trader08, p. 15

Comment:
According to kamus Inggris Indonesia by Echols and Shadily (2010), the word money means uang (hlm. 384).
In the source text, the word ...money...is translated literally into ...uang...in the target text. The meaning of the
word in the target text follows the source text closely.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 DATA ANALYSIS

Source Text: Target Text: Literal

Put up your 10 percent in cash, place a bet by buying a stock and
receive a printed receipt for your purchase
Source: Smitten, Richard. 2005. Trade Like Jessie Livermore. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p. 4
Letakkan 10 persen milikmu secara cash, tempatkan
taruhan dengan membeli suatu saham dan terima
tanda terimanya untuk pembelian anda.
Source: Trader08. 2015. Trade Like Jessie Livermore.
Jakarta: trader08, p. 15

Comment:
In the source text, the pharse ...a stock...is translated literally into ...suatu saham...in the target text. The
meaning of the word in the target text follows the source text closely.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 DATA ANALYSIS

Source Text: Target Text: Literal

During the hundreds of interviews I have given after Dalam ratusan wawancara yang saya berikan setelah
the release of the first Rich Dad book, I am asked this peluncuran buku Rich Dad yang pertama saya menerima
question: “Do you think everyone can be rich?” pertanyaan ini: “Menurut anda apakah semua orang bisa
kaya?”
Source: Kiyosaki, Robert. 2002. Rich Dad’s Retire Source: Paulus Herlambang. 2004. Rich Dad’s Retire
Young Retire Rich How to Get Rich and Stay Rich. Young Retire Rich How to Get Rich and Stay Rich. Jakarta:
New York: Plata Publishing, p. 2 Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p. 7
Comment:
According to Kamus Inggris Indonesia by Echols & Shadily (2010), the word ...rich means kaya, kaum kaya,
yang kaya (hlm. 484). In the source text, the word ...rich is translated literally into ...kaya...in the target text, thus
it is called literal translation

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 DATA ANALYSIS

Source Text: Target Text: Literal

On many of those early trades he was “never Pada masa-masa awal tradingnya dia “tak pernah untung”.
profit”.
Source: Smitten, Richard. 2005. Trade Like Jessie Source: Trader08. 2015. Trade Like Jessie Livermore.
Livermore. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p. Jakarta: trader08, p. 75
55
Comment:

According to Kamus Inggris Indonesia by Echols & Shadily (2010), the word never means tak pernah (hlm. 393)
and the word profit means untung (hlm. 449). In the source text, the phrase...never profit is translated literally
into ...tak pernah untung in the target text, thus it is called literal translation.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION
The result of the research from the previous chapter shows that not all the principle of translation are

used in this research. It is because only 25 data are analyzed out of numerous population of words or phrase

that can be found from the source book. From those 25 analyzed data, 2 princples of translation are used,

they are meaning (92%) and clarity and style (8%). As for the translation strategy, from 75 data, there are 11

types of translation strategy found. They are literal translation (7 data), loan (20 data), unit shift (6 data),

calque (7 data), cohesion change (3 data), phrase structure change (7 data), Distribution change compression

(7 data), distribution change expansion (12 data), paraphrase (2 data), Information change addition (3 data)

and information change omision (1 datum). If the number of the sample taken from the source book is

bigger, there is a probability that more principles of translation as well as more translation strategies will be

used.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 CONCLUSION
Conclusion
1. The principles of translation employed by the translator in translating the investment terms from the book
are meaning, style and clarity.
2. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that 7 data (9,3%) are translated using literal translation
strategy, 20 data (26,7%) are translated using loan strategy, 6 data (8%) are translated using unit shift
strategy, 7 data (9,3%) are translated using calque strategy, 3 data (4%) are translated using cohesion change
strategy, 7 data (9,3%) are translated using phrase structure change, 7 data (9,3%) are translated using
distribution change (compression) strategy, 12 data (16%) are translated using distribution change
(expansion) strategy, 2 data (2,7%) are translated using paraphrase strategy, 3 data (4%) are translated using
information change (addition) strategy, 1 datum (1,3%) is translated using information change (omission)
strategy.
3. The most dominant strategy used by the translator in translating the book is by using loan strategy with 20
data (26,7%).

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 #2 DATA ANALYSIS
Datum 3: Loan
Source Text: Target Text: Literal
Once a year, he checks several variables, including return on Sekali setahun, dia memeriksa beberapa variabel, termasuk return on
equity, perubahan margin operasi, tingkat utang, kebutuhan belanja
equity, changes in operating margins, debt levels, capital
modal, dan yang terakhir, pertumbuhan perusahaan dalam
expenditure needs, and, lastly, the company's growth in cash menghasilkan uang.
Earnings

Source: Hagstrom, Robert. The Essential Buffet. New York: Source: Daras Books. 2010. The Essential Buffet. Jakarta: Daras
John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 29 Books. p. 29
Analysis:

According to financial dictionary of freedictionary.com the phrase return on equity means publicly-traded
company's earnings divided by the amount of money invested in stock, expressed as a percentage. According to
online cambridge dictionary, the phrase return on equity means a company's profit for a particular period
compared with the amount of share capital (= money invested by shareholders) in it. This shows how effectively
the company is using its share capital to make a profit. The phrase return on equity has no equivalent in
Indonesian. In this case, the translator uses the loan strategy because the phrase in the source text does not have any
equivalent in the Indonesian target text. Thus, it is called loan.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 DATA ANALYSIS
Principle of Translation

(Duff, 1990) proposed: “a. meaning. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text.
Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed ... “(p.10).

Example:
Source Text: Target Text: Literal

One of the other boys came to him and suggested they go across the street Salah satu temannya mendatanginya dan menyarankan untuk

to bucket shop. bersama-sama menyeberang jalan menuju bucket shop.

Source: Smitten, Richard. 2005. Trade Like Jessie Livermore. New Jersey: Source: Trader08. 2015. Trade Like Jessie Livermore. Jakarta:

John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p. 4 trader08, p. 17

Comment:

The phrase …bucket shop according to financial dictionary of freedictionary.com means a brokerage that

aggressively and often illegally sells its own securities to is clients because it wishes to divest itself and not

because selling them is in the interests of the clients and it is retained …bucket shop in Indonesian. It means

the strategy of translation is loan.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 DATA ANALYSIS

Source Text Target Text

Anchoring is the tendency for people to rely too heavily on Anchoring adalah kecenderungan orang untuk terlalu percaya pada

readily available information when making a decision informasi yang telah tersedia ketika membuat keputusan yang

involving uncertainty mengandung ketidakpastian

Source: Faith, M. Curtis. (2007) The Way of Turtle. New York: Source: tr. trader08 (2012). The way of turtle. Jakarta: Trader08, p. 46

McGraw-Hill, p. 20

Comment:

The word…anchoring...according to financial dictionary of freedictionary.com means a concept in behavioral investments,

which states that people often make decisions based on their perceptions and feelings in addition to (and sometimes instead of)

facts and it is retained… ...anchoring... in Indonesian which is called loan.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 DATA ANALYSIS

Source Text Target Text

The market decline has created greater opportunity among
undervalued situations so that, generally, our portfolio is
heavier in undervalued situations relative to work-outs than it
was last year.
Source: Olson, Max. 2012. Berkshire Hathaway Letter to
Shareholders by Warren Buffett 1957 – 1964. New York:
William Morrow, p. 3
Penurunan bursa saham telah menciptakan kesempatan yang lebih
besar untuk membeli saham – saham murah, dimana, secara umum,
portofolio kami untuk katergori saham-saham umum sedang berada
dalam situasi yang sangat undervalue, terutama jika dibandingkan
dengan kategori work-outs.
Source: Teguh Hidayat. 2013. Letters to Shareholders by Warren
Buffett 1957 – 1964. Jakarta: PT. Mizan Republika, p. 3

Comment:
The phrase…work-outs...according to financial dictionary of freedictionary.com means an informal process by which a debtor and
creditors agree to debt forgiveness and/or a different repayment plan when the debtor states that he/she/it is unable to repay debts and
it is retained… ...work-outs... in Indonesian which is called loan.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion

 DATA ANALYSIS

Source Text Target Text

The exchange’s contract specification also defines the Spesifikasi kontrak juga mendefinisikan minimum fluktuasi harga.

minimum price fluctuation. This is referred to in the Yang sering disebut sebagai satu tick atau minimum tick.

industry as a tick or minimum tick.

Source: Faith, M. Curtis. 2007 The Way of Turtle. New York: Source: tr. trader08. 2012. The way of turtle. Jakarta: Trader08, p. 33

McGraw-Hill, p. 33

Comment:
The phrase…minimum tick according to financial dictionary of freedictionary.com
means the smallest possible price movement of a security or contract and it is
retained… ...minimum tick in Indonesian which is called loan.

Background Problem Method Result Finding Data Analysis Conclusion