Introduction of Biochemistry

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Outlines
 Background (about life)
 Definition
 Scope
 The Development of Biochemistry
 The Contribution of Biochemistry
 The Experimental Approach
 Strategies for studying
 Material of biochemistry
 Biochemistry as verses of Allah

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 What is life ?

Life is still mystery for scientist. All definition about life

is still unsatisfied. Life is not only in here but also
hereafter. Death is not the last of life but the beginning
of life. Scientist only revealed the part of life feature.
Life is the process of chemical reaction in biologic
system and without that reaction the biologic system is
unworthy.
In materialism perspective
monkey and human is same
bacteria and human cell is same
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 LIFE

LIVING NON-LIVING
MATTERS MATTERS

ATOMS & MOLECULES

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Living material

 Non cellular : virion

 Cellular : procaryote and eucaryote
 UNI
CELLULAR

PRO-
KARIOTES

LIVING
ORGANISM
MULTI
CELLULAR

EU-
KARIOTES

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 Mahluk hidup terbentang mulai dari mahluk
sel tunggal (unicellular organism) & sederhana
sampai mahluk sel jamak (multicellular
organism) & kompleks
 Semua populasi mahluk hidup dari yang
sederhana sampai yang kompleks termasuk
manusia menunjukkan variasi normal

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 Life in this world always
need material, energy, and
information,
doesn’t it ?
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Definition
 Biology and Chemistry
 Organic Chemistry
 The chemistry of life
 Consent with the structure, composition, reaction
and the changes of molecule in organism
 Elucidation of all life phenomenon in smallest
level/lowest level i.e. cell
– Movement - growth and development
– Reproduction - Irritability and metabolism

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LEVEL ORGANIZATION
IN THE BODY
 POPULATION

INDIVIDUAL

ORGANS/TISSUES
LIVING
CELLS
MATTERS
NON-LIVING
ORGANELLES MATTERS

SUPRAMOLECULES (CONJUGATED)

MACROMOLECULES (POLYMER)

BUILDING BLOCKS MOLECULES (MONOMER)

INTERMEDIATE MOLECULES

PRECURSOR MOLECULES

ATOMS
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Scope
 Biologic system (look at the organism)
– Viral to human
– Cell to organ
 Chemistry
– Component of cell (atom and molecule)
– The biologic function of cell’s molecule
– Substrate for chemical reaction
– Chemical reaction in cell
– The role of enzyme
– Energy Production in cell
– Metabolism

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Look at the organism

 Material : Atoms & Biomolecules

 Energy : ATP
 Information : DNA/gene

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 MATERIAL
 Element: a substance that cannot be broken
down to other substances by any chemical
reaction.

– Example: C,H,O

 Compound: Two or more elements combined in

a specific ratio.
– Example:

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 Elements for Life
 Only 25 of the 92 elements are required for life

 96% of living matter is just these four element:

 Carbon (C)
 Oxygen (O)
 Hydrogen (H)
 Nitrogen (N)

 Trace Elements: are essential, but only in small

amounts
– Examples:
 Iodine, nitrogen (especially plants), Iron

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 Approximate elementary composition
of the human body (dry weight basis)

Element Percent Element Percent

Carbon 50 Potassium 1
Oxygen 20 Sulfur 0.8
Hydrogen 10 Sodium 0.4
Nitrogen 8.5 Chlorine 0.4
Calcium 4 Magnesium 0.1
Phosphorus 2.5 Iron 0.01

Manganese 0.001

Iodine 0.00005
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 Normal chemical composition for a man weighing
65 kg

Kg Percent
Protein 11 17.0
Lipid 9 14
Carbohydrate 1 1.5
Water 40 61,5
Minerals 4 6

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 Chemical properties of an element are largely
determined by the element’s electron
configuration.

 In Biology:
– How and when chemical reactions will occur
(photosynthesis and respiration)
– How biological molecules interact with each other—
DNA and protein structure, cell receptors, hormones,
signaling.

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Biomolecule Building Block Major Functions
DNA Deoxynucleotide Genetic material
RNA Ribonucleotide Template for protein synthesis
thesis .
Proteins Amino acids Numerous; usually they
are the molecules of the
cell that perform work
(eg, enzymes, contractile
elements)
Polysaccharide Glucose Short-term storage of
(glycogen) energy as glucose
Lipids Fatty acids Numerous, eg, mem-
brane components and
long-term storage of en-
ergy as triacylglycerols
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The Development of Biochemistry

 From organic chemistry 1800

 1828 : Frederick Wohler synthesis of urea
 1833 : Discovery the first enzyme (diastase)
 1833 : First used the term of biochemistry
 1896 : First demonstration of complex biochemical process out
side of the cell
 1903 : Formal coinage of biochemistry
 1953 : Discovery of DNA structure
 The mid -20 th century : te development of new technique (EM,
NMRS, X-ray diffraction, etc)
 Nanomedicine

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The Contribution of Biochemistry

 Contribute to diagnosis, prognosis and

treatment as well as prevention
Biochemistry
Lipids Carbohydrates
Nucleic Proteins
Acid

Genetic Diabetes Mellitus

atherosclerosis
kwashiorkor
Disease Medicine

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Contribution Biochemistry to Pharmacy

 Pharmacokinetic
 Pharmacodynamic
Biochemistry

Enzyme metabolism
DNA
AIR

Pharmacy

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Experimental Approach

 Isolation Extraction, homogenization,

centrifugation
 Determination of structure biomolecules
 Analyses Function and metabolism

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Determination of structure

 X- Ray Diffraction
 Mass Spectroscopy
 NMR Spectroscopy
 Crystallography
 Electron microscope

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Analyses

 PCR
 Radioisotope
 Culture cell
 Cloning
 etc

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 Isolation

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Strategies for studying
 Hierarchy of preparations used to study biochemical
processes
– Studies at the whole animal
– Isolated perfused organ
– Tissue slice
– Use of whole cells
– Homogenate
– Isolated cell organelles
– Sub fractionation of organelles
– Isolation and characterization of metabolites enzymes
– Cloning of genes for enzyme and proteins

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 General strategy used to analyze a biochemical process
Inference of existence of biochemical process
Analysis of its control mechanism in vivo
Analyses of effect

Its localization to organ

Its localization to cellular
Delineation of the number reaction
Purification
Analyses in vitro
Establishment of reaction
Its reconstitution
Studies in gene level

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Material Of Biochemistry
 The Chemical basis of Cell/Biomolecules
 Water and Electrolyte
 Bioenergetics
 Enzyme
 Metabolism of KH
 Metabolism of Lipid
 Metabolism of Protein
 Integration of Metabolism Pathway
 Metabolism of purin/pirimidin
 Nutrition
 Biochemistry in special topic : metabolism of xenobiotics, biochemistry
of endocrine, biochemistry of digestion,blood, and urine

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Output of Biochemistry Research

 Function of Vitamin
 Gen therapy
 Inborn Error of metabolism : PKU, Cystic
Fibrosis
 Toxin action
 Membrane Receptor

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Biochemistry as verses of Allah

 Human is created from water

 Human being is created from soil
 Everything is created in pairs

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THANK YOU