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METALLOGRAPHY
Objective
Grain Boundaries:
is the interface between two
grains in a polycrystalline material
where the crystal is disordered
due to rapid change in
crystallographic directions.
Struktur Mikro Bahan
Solidification and grain
growth in polycrystalline
material :
(a) union of small
crystalline,
(b) Grain growth,
(c) Solidification process
finished if all grain have
connected each other
(d) Microstructure of
material observed by
metallography
Facts
Most engineering alloys are polycrystalline this
means that each piece of a metal is made up of
a great number of single crystals, or grains,
each having a regular crystal structure (for
example, FCC, BCC, or HCP).
Materials specialists are interested to see the
grain boundaries in order to estimate the grain
sizes. The average grain size in metals is
usually in the order of several to tens of
micrometers, which can be measured only by
the use of an optical or light microscope
Optical Microscope
Metallography microscope
ZEISS Axiovert 200 MAT
MO…cont’d
Microscopic techniques
Optical microscopy used to
obtain an enlarged image of a
small object.
In general, a compound
microscope consists of a light
source, a condenser, an
objective, and an ocular or
eyepiece, which can be
replaced by a recording device
such as a photoelectric tube or
a photographic plate.
The optical microscope is
limited by the wavelengths of
the light used and by the
materials available for
manufacturing the lenses.
Safety Instructions
Optical Metallography
involves the use of
etchants (standard
solutions containing a
variety of chemicals
such as strong acids
and solvents) which
can be very corrosive
and poisonous.
Safety
You must wear gloves
and goggles and handle
the chemicals with
extreme care.
You must not have
direct skin or eye
contact with the
etchants. Etchants
must be used in well
ventilated area.
Do not try to smell the
etchants.
General Uses :
Sectioning
Mounting
Grinding
Polishing
Etching
PERSIAPAN SPESIMEN
Intermediate grinding
c. Fine grinding: adalah tahapan untuk menghaluskan permukaan
akibat proses intermediate grinding, dengan menggunakan kertas
gosok
Grinding machine
Polishing
The polishers consist of rotating discs covered with soft
cloth impregnated with a pre-prepared slurry of hard
powdery alumina particles (Al2O3, the size ranges from
0.5 to 0.03 µm).
Begin with the coarse slurry and continue polishing until
the grinding scratches have been removed. It is of vital
importance that the sample is thoroughly cleaned using
soapy water, followed by alcohol, and dried before
moving onto the final stage. Any contamination of the
final polishing disc will make it impossible to achieve a
satisfactory polish.
Examining the specimen in the microscope after
polishing should reveal mirror like surface.
Proses polishing pada prinsipnya untuk menghaluskan
goresan-goresan pada permukaan akibat proses fine
grinding.
Beberapa partikel yang digunakan untuk mengabrasi
permukaan adalah :
a. diamond dust
b. alundum
c. magnesium oxide
d. alumina
Polishing machine
Polishing
Proses poles dilakukan untuk menghilangkan kerusakan
permukaan akibat proses grinding, namun beberapa
kesalahan pada polishing dapat berakibat fatal seperti
ditunjukkan gambar
Etching for microscopic examination
Etching reagent:
-konsentrasi ion hidrogen
-konsentrasi ion hidroksil
-kemampuan reagent untuk bereaksi dengan satu atau lebih
komponen
e.g:
-amonium hidroksida dan hidrogen peroksida untuk tembaga dan
kuningan-alfa namun tidak sesuai untuk besi, baja dan ferrous
alloy
-nital (larutan asam nitrit dan alkohol) untuk baja
Mekanisme
Reaksi elektrokimia yang menyebabkan korosi batas butir karena
atom-atom di sepanjang batas butir berikatan satu dengan yang
lain tidak optimal sehingga atom-atom ini lebih reaktif terhadap
larutan etsa
Etching
Etching should always be done in stages, beginning with light
attack, an examination in the microscope and further etching only if
required.
If you overetch a sample on the first step then the polishing
procedure will have to be repeated.
The table below gives the etchants for alloys that will be examined
in this experiment.
Sample Etchant
Al alloys Keller’s (2 ml HF +3 ml HCL + 5 ml NO3+ 190 ml water)
-resolusi:
resolusi
N .A
Pemanfaatan Metalografi dan
Analisis kualitatif
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Normalizing Hardening