HUMAN PERFORMANCE

AND
LIMITATION

 Actions / Response and feedback

 FUNCTIONAL MODEL
OF INFORMATION SHORT
PROCESSING TERM MEMORY
KNOWLEDGE BASED BEHAVIOUR Action
CENTRAL
DECISION
PERCEPTION MAKER
Stimuli

RULE BASED BEHAVIOUR

RECEPTOR
& ATENTION
LONG TERM
SENSORY MECHANISAM
MEMORY
STORE

SKILL BASED BEHAVIOUR

MOTOR
PROGRAMME

feedback
 Response and feedback
1. SPEED OR ACCURACY? Adelay in some situation could
bee dangerous ( engine failure after take off), but to make a
response before sufficent information has been processed
2. High AROUSAL LEVEL leads to FASTER
but LES ACCURATE responses

3. AUDITORY STIMULI are more likely to attract attention than,

visuali stimuli but they are also likely to be responded to in error

4. An INCREASE in age between 20 and 60 years tends to lead

to SLOWER but more ACCURATE responses.
  Response Error
Response error / Error of Commission
If we expect a stimulus and prepare a response
we will respond more quickly if expected stimulus occure

 Response Times
Response time/ Reaction time 0.2 sec

Reaction time are important but in general

IT IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE
TO MAKE THE CORRECT RESPONSE
RATHER THAN A FAST
 Human Reliability, Errors and
their Generation
 “It is in the nature of man to err.”
Cicero
En error rate of 1 in 1.000 might be thought
of as “pretty good” in most circumstances

F Hawkins
Factors Affecting
Human Reliability
 Errors - General

 Errorsis term which describes all

those occasions in wich a series
of mental or physical activities do
not achieve their intended effect
 Error Generation

 Errors in general, tend to be

CUMULATIVE

The Error Chaine

 The Error Chaine
…ACCIDENTS ARE PROCESSES
WITH MULTIPLE INTERACTION
CHAINS...

“INCUBATION PERIOD”
 Error Generation

 Internal Factors
Mistake Perception
Misinterpretation of inf.
Preconceived assumption
Experimentation
Faulty memory
Fatigue
Lack of practice
“Deterioration effect”
 Error Generation
 External Factors
Stressors

Ergonomics- bad design

or layout of instruments
Economics company or organisational pressure

Social Envirnoment/ cultural misunderstanding

OF THE RULES, REGULATIONS
OR PROCEDURES
Intent was correct but Intent of operator
was carried out wrongly was incorrect

Missing out action , step

Genereally human error can be split

into two categories Faults and slips
HUMAN PERFORMANCE
AND
LIMITATION

The Learning Process

 The Learning Process

 Isan internal process which

allows the mental acquisition and
retention of data
 Types of Learning

Classical/Operant Conditioning
A experienced pilot’s reaction to a fire warning
Insight
A pilot setting up the on-board navigation equi.
Observational Learning/Imitation
Student pilot following-throught the instructor appr
Experience
Lerning from our mistake
Skill Learning
Motor Programs
Quality of Learning
 Retention of information
Mnemonics
Memory Training
Association
Chunking
Repeteition
Revision
Research
Information retention can be
increased by the use of
Mnemonics and Memory Training
 Mental Schemas

 Mental Schemas are mental

representations of categories of objects,
events and people

Information in Long Term Memory

ERRORS CAN OCCOUR

Behaviour and
Behaviour and Motivation
Motivation
Jean Rasmussen

Categories of Behaviour
S
Skill based
Skill based behaviour
behaviour
R
Rule based
Rule based behaviour
behaviour
K
Knowledge based
Knowledge based behaviour
behaviour
 Skill-based Behaviour
Skill-based Behaviour
Behaviour based on stored routines that
have been lerned by practice and may
be executed without cinscious thought
 Action Slips

 Envirnomental Capture

Skill-based errors only occur:

In those with experience
Rule-based Behaviour
Rule-based Behaviour
 Always requires a conscious
decision to initiate the Rule-based
behaviour.Set of the rules that
have been learned, stored in our
long term memory. Short term
memory is also clearly involved to
maintain an appreciation of the
current situation
 Rule-based behaviour involves:
Short-term and long-term memory

With regards to procedures you

are advised to:
Memorise immediate actions and refer to
check list subsequent action.

What is the Jens Rasmusen’s Model

SRK
 Errors of
Errors of Rule-based
Rule-based Behaviour
Behaviour
Error of Commision
CAUSED BY THE INITIAL MIS-IDENTIFICATIONOF A
PROBLEMS AND ENGAGING THE WRONG PROCEDURE

Departure from the Rules

ERRORS ARISE WHEN PILOT BELIEVED IS SAFE
TO DEPART FROM THE PROCEDURE
 Knowledge-based Behaviour
Knowledge-based Behaviour
 NO PROCEDURE HAS BEEN LEARNED

INCOMPLETE/ INACCURATE MENTAL MODEL

OVER-CONFIDENT
LACK OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
CONFIRMATION BIAS
FREQUENCY BIAS
WISHES,HOPES…
  The ability of the pilot to
evidence and come to
conclusions will,
in future,
be the reason for keeping him on
the flight deck
 Evaluating data
Evaluating data

Probability of an occurance
Previous expirience
Ambiguous of data
Reluctantness, Confirmation bias

Error of Commission
Wishes, hopes and desire
 Situational
Situational
Awereness
Awereness

 An accurate mental model of

environment

PERCEPTION MATCHES
PERCEPTION MATCHES REALITY
REALITY
Factors which might interfer with
Situation Awareness
Stress
Interruption to the thought process
Fatigue
Hopes,wishes and desires

Poor commumication
Boredom
Loss of Situational Awareness
Loss of Situational Awareness
 Good Situational Awareness
 Gather as much information as possible
 Take as much time as practicable

 Consider ALL possible interpretations of

the data
 Started on a course of action stop

occasionally
 Good Situational Awareness

 Check your hypothessis still fits the data

 Consider way to test your actions to

check the accurancy of your theory

 If incoming data does not fit- go back to

the first symptoms of the problem

 Try to ensure that you interpret the world

as it is, NOT as you would like it to be

 HOPE FOR THE BEST
BUT
PLANE FOR THE WORST