MARTHA ROGERS UNITARY HUMAN

BEING
Group 1
 AGENDA
• Credentials and Background of the
Theorist
• Major Concepts and Definitions
• Use of Empirical Evidences
• 4 Concepts of Metaparadigm
• Theoretical assertions
• Nursing Process
• Evolution of Principles of
Homeodynamics
• Research Instruments and Practice Tools
Derived
• Acceptance by the Nursing Community
• Case Study

20XX 2
CREDENTIALS & BACKGROUND
OF MARTHA ELIZABETH ROGERS
 Educational Time Background
1936 1937 1945 1954-1975 1996
1952 1954
After she quickly Her other A master’s Rogers
degrees of public doctor of
receiving obtained a science subsequentlyRogers was
her bachelor of included a arts degreedegree from established the inducted
master’s of posthumous
nursingscience degreearts degree in Johns Visiting Nurse ly into the
Service of
diploma from George public health Hopkins
Phoenix, American
from Peabody nursing University Nurses
in Arizona. For 21
Knoxville College in supervision Baltimore. years. she wasAssociation
General Nashville,Ten from professor and Hall of
Teachers head of the Fame.
Hospital nessee College, Division of
School of Columbia Nursing at New
Nursing University, York University.
New York

4
• The eldest of four children Bruce Taylor Rogers and Lucy Mulholland Keener Rogers

• Born on May 12, 1914, in Dallas, Texas.

• In addition, New York University houses the Martha E. Rogers Center for the Study of Nursing
Science.

• Known for developing the Science of Unitary Human Being and landmark book: An
Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing

• She held this title until her death on March 13, 1994, at 79 years of age.

• Rogers remains a widely recognized scholar honored for her contributions and leadership in
nursing. She believes that a patient can never be separated from their environment when
addressing health and treatment. Today she is thought of as “ahead of her time, in and out of
this world”
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
In 1970, Rogers’ conceptual model of nursing rested on a set of basic assumptions that
described the life process in human beings:

• Wholeness
• Openness
• Unidirectionality
• Pattern
• Organization
• Sentience
• Thought characterized the life process (Rogers, 1970).

Human beings are dynamic energy fields that are integral with environmental fields.
Both human and environmental fields are identified by pattern and characterized by a
universe of open systems.
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
Rogers postulated four building blocks for
her model:

• Energy field

• A universe of open systems

• Pattern

• Four-dimensionality.
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
Rogers consistently updated the conceptual model through revision of the
homeodynamic principles. Such changes corresponded with scientific and
technological advances:

• She changed her wording from that of “unitary man” to “unitary human being”, to
remove the concept of gender.

• Unitary human beings as separate and different from the term holistic stressed the
unique contribution of nursing to health care.

• In 1992 four-dimensionality evolved into pandimensionality.

• Rogers’ fundamental postulates have remained consistent since their introduction;

her subsequent writings served to clarify her original ideas.
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
Two fields:
1. Human field
The unitary human being (human field) is defined as an irreducible, indivisible,
pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics
that are specific to the whole and that cannot be predicted from knowledge of the
parts.

2. Environmental field
The environmental field is defined as an irreducible, pandimensional energy field
identified by pattern and integral with the human field.
In this case both human and environmental fields change continuously,
creatively, and integrally (Rogers, 1994a).
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
Energy Field

• An energy field constitutes the fundamental unit of

both the living and the nonliving.

• Field is a unifying concept, and energy signifies the

dynamic nature of the field.

• Energy fields are infinite and pandimensional.

MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

Universe of Open Systems

• The concept of the universe of open systems
holds that energy fields are infinite, open, and
integral with one another (Rogers, 1983).

• The human and environmental fields are in

continuous process and are open systems.
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

Pattern

• Pattern identifies energy fields. It is the distinguishing characteristic

of an energy field and is perceived as a single wave.

• The nature of the pattern changes continuously and innovatively,

and these changes give identity to the energy field.

Each human field pattern is unique and is integral with the

environmental field (Rogers, 1983).
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
Pattern
• Pattern is an abstraction; it reveals itself through manifestation. A
sense of self is a field manifestation, the nature of which is unique to
each individual.
• Pattern is changing continually and may manifest disease, illness, or
well-being.
• Pattern change is continuous, innovative, and relative.
• Pattern manifestations have been described in phrases such as
“longer versus shorter rhythms,” “pragmatic versus imaginative,”
and time experienced as “fast” or “slow.”
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

Pandimensionality

• Pandimentionality is a nonlinear domain without

spatial or temporal attributes, or as Phillips (2010)
notes: “essentially a spaceless and timeless reality”.

• Provides for an infinite domain without limit. It best

expresses the idea of a unitary whole.
USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
 USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
• The Science of Unitary Human Beings does not directly identify testable empirical indicators.

•  The term negentropy was brought into use.

• Open System

• Closed System

• The traditional meanings of homeostasis, steady state, adaptation, and equilibrium were
questioned seriously.

• Rogers refined and purified the general system theory.

• Most notable of this development is that of chaos theory, quantum physics contribution to the
science of complexity (or wholeness).
4 METAPARADIGM CONCEPTS
4 METAPARADIGM CONCEPTS

Unitary Human Being (Person)

A unitary human being is an "irreducible, indivisible, pan
dimensional (four-dimensional) energy field identified by pattern
and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and
which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts" and “A
unified whole having its own distinctive characteristics which
cannot be perceived by looking at, describing, or summarizing the
parts."
4 METAPARADIGM CONCEPTS
Environment
• The environment is an "irreducible, pan dimensional energy field
identified by pattern, and integral with the human field“

• Main point of Roger’s theory relating to the environment is the

unique human energy field pattern is integrated with the unique
environment field pattern. As one changes, so does the other.

• Helix – represents environment energy field which co-exist and

interacts with unitary human
4 METAPARADIGM OF CONCEPTS

Health
• “An expression of the life process; they are the
"characteristics and behavior emerging out of the mutual,
simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental
fields.”

• Choices, culture, behavior all affect our health. We relate our

level of health to our level of illness.
4 METAPARADIGM CONCEPTS
Nursing

• “The study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human &

environmental fields: people and their world.”

• Two dimensions Independent science of nursing.

• Nursing is concerned with people-all people-well and sick, rich and

poor, young and old. The arenas of nursing’s services extend into all
areas where there are people: at home, at school, at work, at play; in
hospital, nursing home, and clinic; on this planet.
THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS

The principles of homeodynamics postulate a way of

perceiving unitary human beings.

Rogers (1970) wrote, “The life process is

homeodynamic . . . these principles postulate the way
the life process is and predict the nature of its evolving”.
THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
Principles of Changes

• Helicy principle
- Describes spiral development in continuous, nonrepeating, and innovative
patterning.

• Principle of Resonancy
- Patterning changes with the development from lower to higher frequency,
that is, with varying degrees of intensity.

• Integrality Principle
- Reflects the unity or wholeness of humans and their environment.
5 THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS SUPPORTING HER MODEL
1. Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity and
manifesting characteristics more than and different from the
sum of his parts
2. Man and environment are continuously exchanging matter and
energy with one another.
3. The life process evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally along
the space-time continuum.
4. Pattern and organization identify man and reflect his innovative
wholeness.
5. Man is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and
imagery, language and thought, sensation, and emotion.
NURSING PROCESS
NURSING PROCESS
• Pattern Appraisal – It is an inclusive assessment of human
environment energy fields where nurses validate the entire appraisal
along with the patients.

• Mutual Patterning – It is the mutual interaction between the patient

and nurse, it is done by suggesting the various alternative, educating,
empowering that depends on the patient’s condition and needs.

• Evaluation – It is done by repeating the pattern appraisal after

mutual patterning to determine the extents of dissonance and
harmony.
EVOLUTION OF PRINCIPLES
OF HOMEODYNAMICS
 Science of Unitary
An Introduction to the
Nursing: A Science of Human Beings: A Dimensions of Health: A Nursing Science and the
Theoretical Basis of
Unitary Man, 1980 Paradigm for nursing, View From Space, 1986 Space Age, 1992
Nursing, 1970
1983

Resonancy Continuous change from Continuous change from Continuous change from Continuous change from
Continuously propagating lower to higher frequency lower to higher frequency lower to higher frequency lower to higher frequency
series of waves between wave patterns in the human wave patterns in the human wave patterns in the human wave patterns in the human
man and environment and environmental fields and environmental fields and environmental fields and environmental fields

Helicy Nature of change between

Continuous innovative,
Continuous, innovative human and environmental Continuous innovative, Continuous innovative,
probabilistic, increasing
change growing out of fields is continuously probabilistic, increasing, unpredictable, increasing
diversity of human and
mutual interaction of man innovative, probabilistic, and environmental diversity of human and
environmental field
and environment along a and increasingly diverse, diversity characterized by environmental field
patterns, characterized by
spiraling longitudinal axis manifesting nonrepeating nonrepeating rythmicities patterns
nonrepeating rythmicities
bound in space time rythmicities

Reciprocy
Continuous mutual
interaction between the - - - -
human and environmental
fields
Synchrony
Continuous, mutual,
Change in the human field Continuous, mutual human Continuous, mutual human Continuous, mutual human
simultaneous interaction
and simultaneous state of field and environmental field and environmental field and environmental
between human and
environmental field at any field process field process field process
environmental fields
given point in space time
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PRACTICE TOOLS
DERIVED FROM THE SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PRACTICE TOOLS
• Human Field Motion Test (HFMT)(Ference, 1986)
—Measures human field motion by means of semantic differential ratings of the
concepts “my motor is running” and “my field expansion”

• Perceived Field Motion Scale (PFM) (Yarcheski & Mahon, 1991)

—Measures the perceived experience of motion.

• Human Field Rhythms (HFR) (Yarcheski & Mahon, 1991)

—Measures the frequency of rhythms in the human–environmental energy field mutual
process by means of a one-item visual analog scale

• The Well-Being Picture Scale (Gueldner et al., 2005; Terwilliger, Gueldner &
Bronstein, 2012)
—A non–language-based pictorial scale that measures concepts of frequency, awareness,
action, and power of energy field (general well-being).
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PRACTICE TOOLS
• Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool (PKPCT) (Barrett,1990a, 2010)
—Measures the person’s capacity to participate knowingly in change.

• Diversity of Human Field Pattern Scale (DHFPS) (Hastings-Tolsma,1993)

—Measures diversity of human field pattern, or degree of change in the evolution of
human potential throughout the life process.

• Human Field Image Metaphor Scale (HFIMS) (Johnston, 1993,1994)

—Measures the individual’s awareness of the infinite wholeness of the human field.

• Temporal Experience Scale (TES) (Paletta, 1990)

—Measures subjective experience of temporal awareness.

• Assessment of Dream Experience (ADE) (Watson, 1999)

—Measures dreaming as a beyond waking experience.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PRACTICE TOOLS
• Person-Environment Participation Scale (PEPS) (Leddy, 1995, 1999)
—Measures the person’s experience of continuous human-environment mutual process.

• Leddy Heartiness Scale (LHS) (Leddy, 1996)

—Measures the person’s perceived purpose and power to achieve goals

• McCanse Readiness for Death Instrument (MRDI) (McCanse,1995)

—Measures physiological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual aspects of healthy field
pattern

• Mutual Exploration of the Healing Human–Environmental Field Relationship (Carboni,

1992)
—Measures nurses’ and clients’ experiences and expressions of changing configurations of
energy field patterns of the healing human–environmental field relationship.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PRACTICE TOOLS

• Nursing Process Format (Falco & Lobo, 1995)

—Guides use of a Rogerian nursing process, including nursing assessment, nursing diagnosis,
nursing planning for implementation, and nursing evaluation.

• Assessment Tool (Smith et al., 1991) h

—Guides use of a Rogerian nursing process for patients hospitalized in a critical care unit and
their family members, using open-ended questions

• Critical Thinking for Pattern Appraisal, Mutual Patterning, and Evaluation Tool (Bultemeier,
2002)
—Provides guidance for the nurse’s application of pattern appraisal, mutual patterning, and
evaluation, as well as areas for the client’s self-reflection, patterning activities, and personal
appraisal
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PRACTICE TOOLS

• Nursing Assessment of Patterns Indicative of Health (Madrid & Winstead-Fry, 1986)

—Guides assessment of patterns, including relative present, communication, sense of
rhythm, connection to environment, personal myth, and system integrity.

• Assessment Tool for Postpartum Mothers (Tettero et al., 1993)

—Guides assessment of mothers experiencing the challenges of their first
child during the postpartum period.

• Assessment Criteria for Nursing Evaluation of the Older Adult (Decker, 1989)
—Guides assessment of the functional status of older adults living in their own homes,
including demographic data, client prioritization of problems, sequential patterning,
rhythmical patterning and cross-sectional patterning.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PRACTICE TOOLS
• Holistic Assessment of the Chronic Pain Client (Garon, 1991)
—Guides holistic assessment of clients living in their own homes and experiencing chronic
pain, including the environmental field, the community, and all systems in contact with the
client; the home environment; client needs and expectations; client and family strengths; the
client’s pain experience.

• Human Energy Field Assessment Form (Wright, 1991)

—to record findings related to human energy field assessment as practiced in therapeutic
touch.

• Family Assessment Tool (Whall,1981)

—Guides assessment of families in terms of individual subsystem considerations,
interactional patterns, unique characteristics of the whole family system, and environmental
interface synchrony.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PRACTICE TOOLS
• An Assessment Guideline for Work with Families (Johnston, 1986)
—Guides assessment of the family unit, in terms of definition of family, family organization,
belief system, family developmental needs, economic factors, family field and environmental
field complementarity, communication patterns, and supplemental data, including health
assessment of individual family members, developmental factors, member interactions, and
relationships.

• Nursing Process Format for Families (Reed, 1986)

—Guides the use of a developmentally oriented nursing process for families.

• Community Health Assessment (Hanchett, 1988)

—Guides assessment of a community in areas of diversity; rhythms, including frequencies of
colors, rhythms of light, and patterns of sound; motion; experience of time; pragmatic-
imaginative-visionary worldviews; and sleep-wake beyond waking
ACCEPTANCE BY THE
NURSING COMMUNITY
ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY
Practice
• The Rogerian or Unitary Human Being model is an abstract system of ideas
from which to approach the practice of nursing. It stresses the totality of
experience and existence is relevant in today's health care system, where a
continuum of care is more important than episodic illness and hospitalization.

• This model provides the abstract philosophical framework, nursing is based on

theoretical knowledge that guides nursing practice.

• The professional practice of nursing is creative and imaginative and exists to

serve people. It is rooted in intellectual judgment, abstract knowledge, and
human compassion.
ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY

Education

• Rogers clearly articulated guidelines for the education of

nurses within the Science of Unitary Human Beings, she
discusses structuring nursing education programs to teach
nursing as a science and as a learned profession.

• Rogers’ model clearly articulates values and beliefs about

human beings, health, nursing, and the educational process.
ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY

Research
• Roger’s conceptual model provides a stimulus and direction for
research and theory development in nursing science.

• Emerging from Roger’s model are the theories that explain human
phenomena and direct nursing practice.

• Rogerian instrument development is extensive and ever-evolving. A

wide-range of instruments for measuring human-environmental field
phenomena have emerged.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
• Rogers (1986a) believed that knowledge development within her model was a
“never-ending process” using “a multiplicity of knowledge from many sources

• Explorations by Rogerian scholars into transcendence and universality

exemplify this belief in a unifying wholeness (Phillips, 2010).

Fawcett (2005) identified the following three rudimentary theories developed by

Rogers from the Science of Unitary Human Beings:
1. Theory of accelerating evolution

2. Theory of rhythmical correlates of change

3. Theory of paranormal phenomena

CRITIQUE
Clarity

• Principles are difficult to understand

• Lack of operational definitions

• Inadequate tools of measurement

• Applied for development of nursing science

• Clear implications for nursing research

CRITIQUE
Simplicity

• Complex upon first inspection

• Study / use uncovers "elegant simplicity" (Alligood,

2013, p. 230)

• Few major concepts/assumptions, offers

comprehensive theory
CRITIQUE

Generality

• Abstract model - broad in scope

• Provides a framework for grand or middle-range

theories
CRITIQUE

Accessibility

• Deductive: no immediate empirical support

• Rogerian science has yielded testable theories,

measurement tools
CRITIQUE

Importance

• Supports nursing’s developing identity as a science

• Contains many suggestions for future studies

• Utility for nursing practice, education, administration,

research
 The Rogerian model emerged from a broad historical base and has moved to the forefront as
scientific knowledge has evolved.
Understanding the concepts and principles of the Science of Unitary Human Beings requires a
foundation in general education, a willingness to let go of the traditional, and an ability to
SUMMARY perceive the world in a new and creative way.
Emerging from a strong educational base, this model provides a challenging framework from
which to provide nursing care.
The abstract ideas expounded in the Rogerian model and their congruence with modern
scientific knowledge spur new and challenging theories that further the understanding of the
unitary human being.
CASE STUDY

Charlie Dee is a 56-year-old male client with a 30-year history of smoking two
packs of cigarettes per day. He is seeing nurse practitioner Sandra Gee for the
first time after being diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Pattern appraisal begins with eliciting the client’s description of his experience
with this disease, his perceptions of his health, and how the disease is expressed
(symptoms). Mr. Dee states that he has a productive cough that is worse in the
morning, gets short of breath whenever he is physically active, and always feels
tired. Through specific questions, the nurse practitioner discovers that Mr. Dee
has experienced a change in his sleep patterns and nutritional intake. He is
sleeping for shorter periods and eating less. She also learns that Mr. Dee’s wife
smokes, and that they have indoor cats for pets. He does not think that his wife
will be amenable to changing her habits or getting rid of the cats.
During this appraisal, the nurse seeks to discover what is important to Mr. Dee and how he
defines healthy. Mutual patterning involves sharing knowledge and offering choices. Upon
completion of the appraisal, the nurse summarizes what she has been told and how she
understands it. In this way, the nurse and the client can reach consensus about what activities
would be acceptable to Mr. Dee. Ms. Gee provides information about the disease and
suggestions that will increase his comfort. Noninvasive interventions include breathing
retraining, recommendations for a high-protein high-calorie diet, eating smaller meals more
frequently, sleeping with the head elevated, and using progressive relaxation exercises at
bedtime. The nurse recommends that the Dees buy a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
filter and humidifier to assist in removing environmental pollutants and maintaining proper
humidity in the home. Because Mr. Gee has expressed a desire to quit smoking, the nurse
suggests that he use forms of centering, such as guided imagery and meditation, to supplement
the nicotine patches prescribed by his physician. She also provides him with written material
about the disease that he can share with his wife. At the end of the visit, Mr. Dee states that he
feels better knowing that he has the power to change somethings about his life
MEMBERS:
BARRON, PRINCESS
ALDANA, NIÑO
AGUILAR, RAVEN
BANCE, AIRA
BONGAR, ANGELICA
BUDUAN, JONALYN
CALANUGA, KARYL
CAPUA, FRETZYMAE
THANK YOU

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