HEREDITY:

INHERITANCE and VARIATIONS

Terminologies:

Allele - a different form of a gene that controls a certain trait

Dominant- causing or relating to a characteristic or condition that
a child will have if one of the child’s parents has it
Recessive- causing or relating to a characteristic or condition that
a child will have only if both of the child’s parents have it
Codominance - two dominant alleles of a contrasting pair fully
expressed at the same time in the
heterozygous individual
Terminologies:

Incomplete Dominance – occurs when the phenotype of the

offspring is somewhere in between the phenotypes of both
parents; a completely dominant allele does not occur
Phenotype - the observable properties of an organism that are
produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment
Multiple Alleles - when more than two alleles control the
inheritance of a character
Terminologies:

Sex- influenced traits - are expressed in both sexes but more

frequently in one sex than in the other
Sex-limited traits - are expressed exclusively in one sex of the
species
Sex- linked traits - traits that are controlled by genes located
on the same sex chromosome
Antigen - a substance that when introduced into the body
stimulates the production of an antibody
Terminologies:

Gamete - are reproductive cells that unite during

sexual reproduction to form a new cell called
zygote
Punnett square – the method by which one can determine the
possible genotypes and phenotypes when
two parents are crossed
Non-Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance

 Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri

 Became popular because they found the
best evidence that an inherited trait is
determined by chromosomes.

 Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

 Explained that genes are in the
chromosomes.
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance
 Have important exceptions to them.

 Forexample, not all genes show simple

patterns of dominant and recessive alleles.
In this module, you are expected to:
 Explain the different patterns of Non-Mendelian inheritance
a. Identify characters whose inheritance does not conform with
predicted outcomes based on Mendel’s laws of inheritance;
b. Solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance,
codominance, multiple alleles and sex-linked traits.
 Describe the location of genes in chromosomes
a. Explain the chromosomal basis of inheritance;
b. Identify the components of a DNA molecule
In the Mendelian patterns of inheritance, the effects of the
recessive gene are not observed when the dominant gene is
present.

In this lesson, you will find out that certain traits do not
always follow Mendelians principles of heredity.
 Incomplete Dominance
 Two dominant alleles result in a blended
phenotype.

Example:

1. When a pure red-flowered plant is crossed with a pure white flowered plant

the offspring will produce neither red nor white flowers. Instead all flowers

will be pink.

Do you think the alleles blended to make pink?

 R R

W RW RW

W RW RW

RW PINK
Incomplete Dominance
 It
is only the phenotype that is intermediate. The red and
white alleles remain separate and distinct.

 Half the gametes of the pink plant carry the allele for
red and half carry the allele for white. Therefore, the
genotypic ratio also becomes the phenotypic ratio.
Activity 1: Phenotype and Genotypes in
Incomplete Dominance

Objectives:
 Explain incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance
 Illustrate by means of Punnett square a cross involving
incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance
Read the given problem:
1. In snapdragon plants, R is the allele for red color and W is
allele for white color. Two pink flowered snapdragon plants
were crossed.
*show the possible outcome of the cross between two pink
flowered snapdragon plants by using the Punnett square
2. Now, another cross was made involving a red flowered
snapdragon plant and a pink flowered plant.
3. Using the Punnett square again, show the possible outcome.
4. Show your Punnett square for problems 1 and 2.
5. Present and discuss your answers
 Guide Questions:
1. How many types of gametes will each parent produce in problem no. 1? ______
in no. 2? ___________
2. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous snapdragon plant?
3. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring from the cross of the parental
plants in problem no. 1?
in problem no. 2?
4. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring from the cross of the parental
plants in problem no. 1?
in problem no. 2?