Anatomy

By Shaina Mae Dela Vega and Erwin Bambico

The Lungs

The lungs, which is the

organ for respiration is a
paired cone shaped
organ lying in the
thoracic cavity separated
from each other by the
heart and other
structures in the
mediastinum.
• Each lung is divided into lobe by
fissures.
• Both lungs have oblique fissure
and the right is further divided
by a transverse fissure
• The oblique fissure in the left
lung separates the superior and
the inferior lobe.
• The oblique and horizontal
fissure divides the lungs into
superior, middle and inferior
lobes.
• Each lobe is supplied by a
lobar bronchus.
• The lobes are subdivided by
Broncho pulmonary segments
which are supplied by the
segmental bronchi.
• The lungs are separated by
the mediastinum.
• This contains the heart,
trachea, esophagus, and
many lymph nodes.
• The lungs are covered by a
protective membrane
known as the pleura and are
separated from the
abdominal cavity by the
muscular diaphragm.
• Each lung is invested by
and enclosed in a
serous pleural sac that
consists of two
continuous membranes.
The visceral or
pulmonary pleura invest
the lungs.
• The parietal pleura line
the pulmonary cavities
and adhere to the
thoracic wall,
mediastinum and
diaphragm.
The parietal pleura consist of four
parts:
1. Coastal pleura –which lines the
internal surface of the thoracic wall.
2. Mediastinal pleura – which lines the
lateral aspect of the mediastinum.
3. Diaphragmatic pleura- which lines
the superior surface of the
diaphragm on each side of the
mediastinum.
4. Cervical pleura- extends through the
superior thoracic aperture into the
root of the neck, forming a cup-
shaped dome over the apex of the
lungs.
• The pleural cavity is the potential space between the visceral
and parietal layers of the pleura and it contains a capillary
layer of serous pleural fluid.
• Surface tension created by the pleural cavity provides the
cohesion that keep the lung surface in contact with the
thoracic wall.
The respiratory system is divided into the
upper airway and the lower airway.

Upper Airway The lower airway

The upper airway includes: Trachea,
includes: Nose, Nasal Bronchus, Bronchiole
and Oral Pharynx, tube when further divide
Epiglottis and larynx. like bronchus of a tree
into a smaller bronchiole
and then end with small
air sacs called alveoli.
When the air enters the nose or
mouth. It travels down the trachea,
also called the windpipe. After this
it reaches a section called the
carina. At the carina, the windpipe
splits into two, creating two
mainstream bronchi. One leads to
the left lung and the other to the
right lung.
From there like a branch of tree,
the pipe like bronchi split again into
smaller bronchi and then even
smaller bronchioles. Decreasing
pipework eventually terminates in
the alveoli, which are little air sac
endings. Here the Gas exchange
occur.
In addition to gas exchange, your respiratory system
performs other roles important to breathing. These
include:

Bringing air to the proper body temperature and

moisturizing it to the right humidity level. 01
Protecting your body from harmful substances. This is
done by coughing, sneezing, filtering or swallowing
them.
02
03
Supporting your sense of smell.
The Muscles of Breathing

In order to breathe air into our

lungs, we rely on several
muscles. The diaphragm is the
most important muscle. This is a
large, dome-shaped muscle
located between the chest and
the abdomen. When we breathe
in, the diaphragm moves down
to let air into the lungs. When we
breathe out, the diaphragm
relaxes and lets air out of the
lungs. There are other muscles
that can be used in breathing,
including the neck and shoulder
muscles and the muscles
between the ribs.
Normal Lung Function
Your Subtitle

Oxygen enters our lungs as part of

the air that we breathe. It goes to
the blood vessels deep in our
lungs and then on to all parts of
our body.
As our body uses oxygen, it makes
a waste product called carbon
dioxide. We get rid of carbon
dioxide when we breathe out.
Abnormal lung function caused
by Emphysema

In normal lung function, as you

breathe in air, the alveoli stretch,
drawing oxygen in and transporting
it to the blood. When you exhale,
the alveoli shrink, forcing carbon
dioxide out of the body. But when
emphysema develops, the alveoli
and lung tissue are destroyed. With
this damage, the alveoli cannot
support the bronchial tubes. The
tubes collapse and cause an
“obstruction” (a blockage), which
traps air inside the lungs. Too much
air trapped in the lungs can give
some patients a barrel-chested
appearance. Also, because there
are fewer alveoli, less oxygen will
be able to move into the
bloodstream.