PRESENTATION SUMMARY

BASIC CONCEPTS IN
STATISTICS

CG02021
IMPORTANT TERMS IN
STATISTICS
LESSON 1

CG02021
STATISTICS
A branch of mathematics that deals with scientific
collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of numerical data in order to obtain
useful and meaningful information.

1. Status (Latin)-Standing
2. Statistia (Italian)
3. Statistik (German)
4. Statistique (French)

-a political state, which means information vital to the state; e.g.:

population size, armed forces.

-first used by German Scholar Gottfried Achenwall, mid 18th century.

CG02021
STATISTICS
POPULATION SAMPLE

A portion of the
population; a specific
A collection of persons,
group where data is
things or objects under
collected from in order
study.
to gain information from
the population.

CG02021
 STATISTICS
POPULATION SAMPLE

A portion of the
population; a specific
A collection of persons,
group where data is
things or objects under
collected from in order
study.
to gain information from
the population.

Image: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/population-vs-sample/
CG02021
STATISTICS
POPULATION SAMPLE

A portion of the
DATA population; a specific
A collection of persons,
group where data is
things or objects under
collected from in order
study. -the result of sampling from a population.
to gain information from
the population.

CG02021
 STATISTICS
POPULATION SAMPLE

DATA A portion of the

population; a specific
A collection of persons,
groupfrom
-the result of sampling where
a data is
things or objects under
collected from in order
population.
study.
to gain information from
the population.
STATISTIC

-a number that represents a property

of the sample. An estimate of the
population parameter.
CG02021
STATISTICS
POPULATION SAMPLE

?
DATA

STATISTIC

PARAMETER

-a number that is a property of the

population

CG02021
STATISTICS
POPULATION SAMPLE

DATA

STATISTIC -must contain the

characteristics of the
population.
PARAMETER

REPRESENTATIVE
SAMPLE
CG02021
STATISTICS
VARIABLE
-refers to the characteristic interest for a
person or thing in the population. Variables
are notated in capital letters such as X and Y.

Numerical Variable Categorical Variable

-takes places the person or thing
-takes on values with equal units
into a category

DATA (Sing.: DATUM)

-the actual values of the variables.

CG02021
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
LESSON 2

CG02021
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
-refers to the analysis of data that helps organize,
describe, summarize, and present data in a
meaningful way, such that, for example, patterns
might emerge from the data.

Measures of
Measures of Spread
Central Tendency

-used to present or -a way of summarizing a

describe an entire group of data by
group of data with a describing how spread
single number. the scores are.

CG02021
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Mean
-average sum of all the numbers
in the data divided by the number
Measures of of elements.

Central Tendency
Median
-the middle number in the data set
-used to present or or the average of the two closest
describe an entire to the middle.
group of data with a
single number. Mode

-the value that occurs most

frequently in the data set.
CG02021
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Measures of Spread Range

-refers to the highest and the

-a way of lowest number of a group of data.
summarizing a
group of data by
describing how Variance
spread the scores
-an extremely rough idea of how
are. spread out a data set is.

Quartiles Standard Deviation

-Quartiles divide your data set -a measure of how spread out
into quarters according to where data is around center of the
those numbers falls on the distribution
number line. CG02021
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
LESSON 3

CG02021
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
-refers to the techniques which allows us to use
properties of samples to make generalizations
about the populations from which samples were
drawn.

Estimation of Testing of Statistical

Parameters Hypothesis
-a formal process of
-occurs when a sample statistical analysis using
is used to estimate a inferential statistics. The
parameter and goal of hypothesis testing is
confidence interval to compare populations or
about the estimate is assess relationships
between variables using
constructed. samples.
CG02021
TYPES OF
STATISTICAL DATA
LESSON 4

CG02021
TYPES OF STATISTICAL DATA
DATA

-the actual pieces of information that you collect through your

study.
-the factual information (such as measurements and statistics)
used as a basis for reasoning, discussion or calculation.

-original data that has been

collected for the purpose in
Primary Data mind., afresh and collected
for the first time.

-those that have been

Secondary Data collected by someone else
for another purpose.
CG02021
TYPES OF STATISTICAL DATA
DATA

-the actual pieces of information that you collect through your

study.
-the factual information (such as measurements and statistics)
used as a basis for reasoning, discussion or calculation.

-descriptive and conceptual

findings collected through
Qualitative Data questionnaires, interviews,
or observations.

-defined as the value of data

in the form of counts or
Quantitative Data numbers with each data ̶set
has a unique numerical
value associated with it. CG02021
SCALES OF
MEASUREMENT
LESSON 5

CG02021
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
-ways to sub-categorize different types of data.

Measurement
Named Order Difference True Zero
Level

Nominal Yes No No No

Ordinal Yes Yes No No

Interval Yes Yes Yes No

Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes

CG02021
DATA COLLECTION
LESSON 6

CG02021
DATA COLLECTION
-the process of gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest in an established and systematic fashion
that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

-experiments/clinical trials
-observation and recording of well-
Quantitative Data defined events
-obtaining relevant data from
Collection Methods Management Information System
-Administering surveys with close-
ended questions

-one-on-one interviews
-focus group discussions
Qualitative Data -record-keeping
Collection Methods Observations
-longitudinal studies
Case studies
CG02021
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
LESSON 7

CG02021
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Sampling is a technique of selecting individual members or a
subset of the population to make statistical inferences from them
and estimate characteristics of the whole population.

Probability Sampling
Probability sampling is a
sampling technique where a
researcher sets a selection
of a few criteria and chooses
members of a population
randomly. All the members
have an equal opportunity to
be a part of the sample with
this selection parameter.
Non-probability
Sampling
In non-probability sampling, the
researcher chooses members
for research at random. This
sampling method is not a fixed
or predefined selection process.
This makes it difficult for all
elements of a population to
have equal opportunities to be
included in a sample.
CG02021
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability Sampling

CG02021
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability Sampling

Stage 1

Stage 2

Multi-stage Sampling
CG02021
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Non-probability
Sampling

Voluntary Convenience
Sampling Sampling
-surveyor picks people whoa re
-interested people are asked to
easily available to give their
gen involved in voluntary survey.
inputs.

CG02021
END