Advanced Technical Writing

Presented by
Prof.Dr.Kamal Bhattacharyya
Dept. of English
 Contents

 Basic Page Layout.

 Preliminary Pages.

 Text Pages.

 Back Mater.

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 Basic Page Layout
1. Margins
2. Line Spacing
3. Line Spacing for
Equations
4. Font Types
5. Font Size
6. Font Style
7. Page Number
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 1. Margins
 Left and right 2.5 cm
 Top and bottom 3.5 cm

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 2. Line Spacing
 Single space the text.
 Single space: table/figure caption

 Single space appendix materials and

tables.
 Allow additional space above and
below the equation to separate it
from the text.

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 3. Font Types

 Use proportional
font -- Arial, Times
New Roman,
Courier New, … --
must use at least
12-point font.

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 4. Font Size
 Text must be a minimum of 12-point.
 Fonts 10-point not acceptable for body

of report.
 Fonts 8-,9-,or 10-point may be used for

tables and appendix to accommodate

the margins

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 5. Font Style
 Any standard office font style is
acceptable -- not script, italic, bold,
characters with slant or different
sizes.
 Italic fonts may be used when
appropriate.
 Times Roman -- uses 13-point size.

 Font size and style are the same for

text and page number.

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 6. Page Number
 Pages should be numbered
consecutively, with numbers located
in the upper right, lower right, or
lower middle of the page.
 The Introduction should begin with 1.

 Before Introduction, use Roman

numerals.

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Components in Formal Reports

Generally appear in formal

reports:

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 Front matter
 Front cover
 Title page
 Dedication page (optional)
 Acknowledgment
(optional)
 Abstract
 Table of Contents
 List of Tables
 List of Figures
 List of Abbreviations
 Foreword (optional)
 Preface (optional)
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 Title Page
 Title of document
 Your name
 Degree title - Course
title
 Major Subject
 University name, city,
country
 Date (month, year)
 Assign numeral i, but
does not appear
 Back of title page is
empty

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 Dedication Page
 Optional
 Type the word DEDICATION
 Insert two double spaced blank lines

and begin the text-double spacing all

lines.

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 Acknowledgment Page
 Optional
 Type the word ACKNOWLEDGMENT

 Insert two double spaced blank lines

and begin the text-double spacing all

lines.

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 Abstract
 Type the word ABSTRACT
 Single space all lines

 Must have

• statement of the problem

• exposition of methods & procedures
• summary of the finding
 Usually 150 to 250 words.

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 Table of Contents
 Type TABLE OF CONTENTS
List items followed with dotes and page
number
• Abstract
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• List of Abbreviations
• and so on
 Don’t list anything before the Table of
Contents

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 Table of Contents Continue
 Include all chapter heads-upper case
• Subheads as they appear in chapter.
 Generally no more than three levels
of heads are used. If heads in any
levels is listed, all headings of that
levels must be listed.
 List Appendices next

 The Bibliography

Example Text page: 675

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 Table of contents Example
Abstract …………………………….. ….……... ….……….…...iii
List of Figures ……………………… ….……...... …..........iv
List of Tables ……………………… ….…….. …………………..v
1 SUMMARY ……………………… ….…….. ……….….……..1
2 INTRODUCTION ………………… ….…….. …….…….… 3
3 METHODOLOGY ………………… ….…….. ….….……...6
3.1 Selection of study area ……… ….…..... 8

3.2 Description of study series…….….....10

3.2.1 Pilgrim 1 ………………………………….12
3.3 Time series analysis ………. ….……....14
4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ….…..20
5 CONCLUSION ……………….…………………………………22
APPENDIX A ……………..……………………………………..…23
References …………………..……………………………….….24
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 List of Tables (Figures, Abbreviations)

 List each one on a separate page with

each table followed by dots and page
number at the right margin.
 Double space between each caption but

single space captions longer than one

line.
 Number all tables/figures consecutively

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 Foreword
 Optional introductory statement written
by someone other than the author.

 May discuss the purpose of the report.

 May include background information

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 Preface
 Optional written by the author.

 Include the purpose, background, and

scope of the report.

 Specify the audience for whom the

report to be given.

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 Text Pages

I. Introduction.
II. Materials and
methods.
III. Results and
discussion.
IV. Conclusion

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 Text Pages Continue
 Must be divided into chapters which could
be sub divided and listed in the Table of
Contents.
 Use just boldface, just italic, or just
underline any heading.
 Single space all heading.
 Each new chapter must start on a new
page.
 Avoid having a heading as the last line of
text on a page.

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 I. Introduction
 First paragraph should capture reader’s
attention.
 Should include

• Statement of the problem

• Motivations
• Complete description of the project.
• Mentioning each part of the report

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 II. Materials & Methods
 Literature Review.
 Theoretical Derivations.

• State your assumptions clearly.

• Step-by-step derivation.
• Figures may be necessary.
 Summary of the approach taken.
• Software simulation, hand calculation,
design and implementation,
programming, or analytical derivations.

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 III. Results & Discussion
 Software documentation.
 Analysis of plots, charts and figures

where each should be mentioned and

discussed.
 Explanation of the results

• The punch line

• How did it turn out?
• Was it as expected?

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III. Results & Discussion Continue
• Did it turn out according to theory?
• Were the results repeatable?
• Do you understand the significant of the
results?
 The reader should know exactly what
happened and why.

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 IV. Conclusion
 Tie together any loose ends.
 Summarize the whole report.
 Should include
• restatement of the problem
• restatement of the goals
• restatement of the approach taken
• restatement of the results & their relevance
• future works, extrapolation and possible
applications for technology

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 Back Mater
 Page numbers continue as Arabic
numerals
 Appendix

 Bibliography or References

 Glossary

 Index (optional)

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 Appendix
 Labeled as Appendix A, Appendix
B, so on.
 Observe the margins and the page

numbering.
 Include materials that are too long

and technical or unnecessary in

the appendix.
See text page 55

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 Bibliography
 Single space all lines of each entry,
but double space between entries.
 Use numbered reference list.

 At least three references should be

given.
 References include course notes, text

books, journal articles, conference

proceedings, and thesis.
See text page192
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 Reference should include
• author
• title of work
• title of journal or text
• volume number
• date
• page number
• publisher
• publisher’s city

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 Bibliography Examples
1. Samir S. Soliman and Mandyam D.
Srinath. Continuous And Discrete
Signals And Systems,2nd ed. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998

2. Khotandzal A. and et al, “ Neural

Networks--Generation Three,” IEEE
Trans. Neural Networks, Vol. 8, No. 4,
July 1997

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 Glossary
 List of selected terms on particular subject
that are defined and explained.
 Arrange alphabetically
 Follow dictionary style.

Abbreviation Definition
AM Amplitude Modulation
FM Frequency Modulation
LAN Local Area Network
HD Hard drive
SISO Single Input Single Output
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 Index
 Alphabetical list of all the major
topics discussed in the report.
 Cites the pages where each topic can

be found thus allows readers to find

information on topics quickly and
easily.

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Title page example

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 Title page example
TITLE OF THE SENIOR PROJECT
BY
YOUR NAME

Senior Project submitted to the Electrical & Computer Engineering

In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree
Bachelor of Science, Electrical Engineering

Specialization in: Communication

Islamic University of Gaza

Gaza, Gaza Strip
July 2007
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 DEDICATION

To my parents and to my family

who made this accomplishment
possible

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank the
chairman of my committee, Dr. xxxxxx, for his
support, outstanding guidance and
encouragement throughout my senior project.

I would also like to express my gratitude and

appreciation to Dr. xxx for all the help and
guidance he provided throughout my
education, and to the other members of my
instructors, Dr. xxxxxxx and Dr. xxxxxxxx.

I would like to thank my family, especially my

parents, for their encouragement, patience,
and assistance over the years. I am forever
indebted to my parents, who have always kept
me in their prayers.
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 ABSTRACT
Title of the senior project
BY
Your name

The design of controllers for nonlinear

systems in industry is a complex and
difficult task. The development of
nonlinear control techniques has been
approached in many different ways with
varied results. One approach which has
been shown promise for solving nonlinear
control problems is the use of XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX
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 Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ………..……………………….……………..…….…………1
1.1 Introduction ……...…………………….…………………….………..1
1.2 Literature Review …………………….……………………….……..3
1.3 Contribution ….………….………………..……………………….…….4
1.4 Outline of This Thesis……………….……………………………….5

2. CLASSICAL CONTROL SYSTEM.…..……………………………………...8

2.1 Background ..…..………..…………………….……..………,..……8
2.2 Controller Design…………………………………….……….……….9
2.3 Proportional-Integral-Derivative ….………………………..11

3. DESIGNING PID CONTROLLER FOR NONLINEAR SYSTEM..14

3.1 Introduction ..………………………………………….……………….14
3.2 Inverted Pendulum Problem ..………………………………….15
3.3 Nonlinear case ..…..………….………………………………………17
3.4 linearization case….…………..………………..……………………19
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 Table of Contents Continue
7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH …….…..99

REFERENCES ……………………..……………………….……..103

APPENDICES
A. THE FUZZY RULES OF MAMDANI MODEL FOR
INVERTED PENDULUM PROBLEM…….………….109

B. THE FUZZY RULES OF SUGENO MODEL FOR

INVERTED PENDULUM PROBLEM …..…….……112

C. COMPUTER PROGRAMS ……………………………..115

D. PHASE PLAINS ……….…………………………..………121

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Inverted Pendulum Parameter Values ……………21

Table 5.1 Inverted Pendulum Equations …….………..………..53

Table 5.2 Inverted Pendulum Parameter Values ……....…..54

Table 5.3 Fuzzy Associative Memory (FAM) ………….…..…..59

Table 5.4 Set of Input-Output Data for First Rule …….……70

Table 5.5 Finding Parameters of First Rule Using Least

Square Method ………………………………………..….….70

Table 5.6 The Eigenvalues of Sugeno Fuzzy Control Using

State Variable Feedback ……..……………….……...85

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 LIST OF FIGURES
 Figure 2.1 Closed-Loop Controller …………………………..…………………………….…….…..8

 Figure 2.2 A PID Controller ……………………………………………...…………………….…....…12

 Figure 3.1 PID Controller for Inverted Pendulum ………………..…..…………..….…..18

 Figure 3.2 The Cart Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Nonlinear Case) ….….18

 Figure 3.3 The Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Nonlinear Case)……………….19

 Figure 3.4 The Cart Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Linearized Case) …..22

 Figure 3.5 The Position of the Inverted Pendulum (Linearize Case)………………..23

 Figure 4.1 The Venn diagram of a fuzzy set ……………………….….………………….…..27

 Figure 4.2 Intersection of fuzzy sets A and B …………………………………………..……29

 Figure 4.3 Union of fuzzy sets A and B …………………………..………………………..…...29

 Figure 4.4 Complement of fuzzy set A ……………………………..………………………....30

 Figure 4.5 A bell-shaped membership function ………….. …………………….....…..31

 Figure 4.6 A triangular membership function …………………….………………….....…31

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GLOSSARY

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 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 This is a Section Heading
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sentence to take up space and look like text.

1.1.1 This is a Subsection Heading

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 APPENDIX
APPENDIX A THIS IS AN APPENDIX
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A.1 A Section Heading Inside an Appendix

This is how equations are numbered in an appendix:

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