METALLIC

COMPOUNDS
 Atoms are made up of smaller particles, electrons, neutrons and protons. Protons
ATOMIC and neutrons are found in the neucleus of the atom, while the elctrons orbit the
STRUCTURE nucleus in shells.
Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus to dense the core of the atom.
Protons have a positive charge, while neutrons are neutral and don’t have an
electrical charge and electrons are negatively charged.
Electrons have a mass of almost zero, making the atom’s overall mass based on
protons and electrons only. Protons and electrons have the same charge,
balancing the atom so it doesn’t have an overall charge (becomes neutral).
The mass number is the sum of neutrons and protons. The atomic number, on the
other hand, is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic
number is also what organises the elements in the periodic table. The higher the
atomic number, the further the element is on the periodic table. The atomic
Particle Mass Charge number can also be known by the number of protons alone, as electrons can be
gained or lost, but protons have a set amount.
Proton 1 +1
The number of neutrons in an atom is the difference in the mass number and the
Neutron 1 0
atomic number.
Electron Almost 0 -1
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF GROUP 1
METALS
NEUTRONS PROTONS
ELECTRONIC SHELL ELECTRONIC NEUTRONS
ELECTRON
ELECTRONS SHELL
S

PROTONS

Lithium Sodium Potassium

ELECTRONI
C SHELL ELECTRONS
NEUTRONS
PROTONS

Lithium, as you can see in the diagram

above, has three electrons and three
protons in its atomic structure. This shows
to prove that protons and electrons are the
same amount (unless it’s an ion). Lithium
has four neutrons. With this information,
we can work out lithium’s atomic number
and mass. The mass number in lithium is 7,
and the atomic number for lithium is 3.
Sodium has 11 electrons and protons.
Sodium has 12 neutrons. With that, we
can find sodium’s atomic number and
the atomic mass. Sodium has an
atomic mass of 23, as you add the
number of protons and neutrons.
Sodium’s atomic number is 11, which
is based on the amount of protons.
Potassium has nineteen protons
and electrons. Potassium has
twenty neutrons. Potassium’s
atomic and mass number can be
found easily with the information
gathered. Potassium’s atomic
number is 19; it’s atomic mass is
39.
 The Alkali Metals group is made up of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium.
Group one tends to be very reactive, unlike most metals in the periodic table. The reactivity of these
metals increases as you go down the group.
Atoms in Group One have bigger atomic configurations as you go down the group, meaning the
further the valance electrons get from the nucleus, and more shells are found due to the increased
amount of electrons. Because of that, the electrostatic forces holding the the atom together weaken,
so electrons can be lost or gained easier, causing the atom to react easily to other atoms.

REACTIVITY Atoms in this group also tend to react more vigorously due to the atom’s flexibility to gain and lose
electrons due to its big configuration.
AND Some properties of group one are: highly reactive, tarnishes easily, ductile, malleable, good
conductors of heat and electricity, react easily with halogens and have lower densities than most
PROPERTIES OF metals.

GROUP ONE –
ALKALI
METALS
PROPERTIES OF GROUP ONE – ALKALI METALS

METAL BOILING POINT (oC) MELTING POINT (oC) DENSITY (g/cm3)

LITHIUM 1342 181 0.53

SODIUM 883 98 0.97

POTASSIUM 760 64 0.86

RUBIDIUM 686 39 1.53

CAESIUM 671 28 1.88

 REACTIVITY SERIES

When a metal is pure and unreacted, it is found in a form of atoms. When

a metal reacts with a non-metal, the metal forms positive ions, as it loses
electrons. A displacement reaction is a reaction in which the atoms of a
more reactive metal displaces the ions of a less reactive metal from its
compound to return to its atomic form again. This is because atoms of the
more reactive metals have much a greater tendency to form ions.
→ The more reactive the metal, the easier it forms ions.
→The less reactive a metal is, the higher the tendency for it to exist in its
atomic form.
Iron nail and copper sulfate
Metals displace another that is lower on the reactivity series.
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
Iron + copper sulphate → iron sulphate + copper
The reaction between iron atoms and copper sulphate (copper ions) to form ions and copper atoms.
Iron forms ions much easier than copper. The copper atoms are deposited onto the iron nail, which is
shown in the image on the right.
Metals Reaction with cold water Reaction with steam Reaction with
hydrochloric acid
Potassium Fizzes violently, moves around is caught Reaction is too violent Very dangerously These reactions help us
on fire easily with a lilac flame explosive understand the reactivy
series and heir order better,
Sodium Fizzes violently, moves around, might Reaction is too violent Dangerously explosive
catch fire as we see how and why
Lithium Fizzes and moves around Reaction is too violent Very fast reaction, can they are organised that
be explosive way. The reactivity series
Calcium Fizzes slowly Reaction is too violent Fizzes fast and orders metals on how
hydrogen is given reactive they are with
Magnesium Reacts very slowly Forms hydrogen and Fizzes and hydrogen is other substances. For
magnesium oxide given off
example, potassium is
extremely reactive with
Aluminuim No immediate reaction with cold water Froms hydrogen and Fizzes and hydrogen is
aluminuim oxide given off the three substances listed
on the left, but copper on
Zinc No immediate reaction with cold water Forms hydrogen and Fizzes and hydrogen is the other hand, doesn’t
zinc oxide given off react immediately. This is
because copper is a
Iron No immediate reaction with cold water Forms hydrogen and Fizzes and hydrogen is
iron oxide given off unreactive metal that can’t
displace these substances,
Copper No immedicate reaction with cold water Forms hydrogen and No reaction as it cannot as its atomic structure is
gold oxide displace hydrogen from too weak.
an acid
 USES OF METALS BASED ON THEIR
REACTIVITY

Metals that are unreactive tend have a higher value than reactive metals (such as gold or silver), as they aren’t
affected by air or water contact. Iron and steel, however, rust when they come into contact with water or oxygen
quickly. Rusting is an oxidation reaction. The iron reacts with water and oxygen to form hydrated iron (III)
oxide, which we see as rust. The word equation for rusting is:
Iron + Water → Hydrated iron (III) oxide

Corrosion, on the other hand, is the gradual destruction of a metal due to its reaction with other chemicals in its
environment. Over time, corrosion changes the appearance of the metal as it breaks down and soon becomes
weak. If the coating is damaged, however, the metal would become exposed to air and water, making it corrode.
There are several ways to prevent iron and steel from rusting, such as:
• Oiling
• Greasing
• Painting
• Plating
These methods keep water and oxygen away from the metal, reducing the chances of it rusting. But once the
protection layer is broken, the metal rusts. Galvanised iron, however is iron that is coated with a layer of zinc.
Galvanised iron does not rust if the layer is scrached. Since zinc is more reactive than iron, it corrodes instead
of the iron.
 USES OF METALS BASED ON THEIR
REACTIVITY

It’s easy to find products made from metals, but there are other uses of metals that are less obvious. Metals can be used as
catalysts to make margarine. Platnium is used in catalytic converters in car exauhsts to clean up fumes and reduce pollution.
Compounds containing metals have many uses. For example, metal compounds are used to colour materials, such as
coloured glass or makeup.
It isn’t just the properties of a metal that determines its uses. A metal may have qualifying properties but may be too
expensive. The extraction methods can also affect the price and availablity of a metal.
Alloy Composition Use Reasons
Brass Copper + Zinc Musical instruments Strong metal and water
resistant
Bronze Copper + Tin Coins Strong and durable
Steel Iron + Carbon Bridges Strong and doesn’t
corrode
Stainless steel Iron + Carbon + Nickel + Pots Conducts heat
Chromium
Solder Lead + Tin Electrical circuits Conducts electricity with
a low melting point
Duralumin Aluminium + Copper Bicycle chains Strong metal
EXTRACTION METHODS Metal ores
Some metals are more reactive than others. Silver, gold and
copper metals which are found uncombined in the ground. But,
copper is also found as an ore, but due to its unreactivity, it is also
found uncombined. That is due to their extreme unreactivity, as
they don’t easily join up with other elements to form compounds.
All other metals are found as ores. This is because they are all
Elements obtained Elements that can’y be
by reduction obtained with reduction more reactive, meaning they join up easily with other elements to
form compounds. Before these metals are used, they have to be
Zinc Magnesium taken from their ores. This is a process called extraction.
Iron Aluminuim
Tin Sodium Heating metal oxides
Lead A stable compound needs energy in order to be broken up. The
gas most likely to be released when a metal oxide is oxygen. This
Copper
gas (oxygen) being released can be identified when a splint is
relight.
2M2+O2- → metal atoms + oxygen molecules
 EXTRACTION METHODS
Heating metal oxides with carbon
Some metal oxides don’t break up on heating alone. Copper isn’t very reactive, so, it can be obtained from its ore by
gental heating with charcoal, which is a form of the element carbon. Gentle heating is used, due to copper’s unreactive
state, so there aren’t high electrostatic attractions of copper with other elements. Iron and lead are other metals which
can also be obtained from their ores by heating with carbon or hydrogen. Metals such as aluminuim, magnesium and
sodium are much more reactive than iron, making it impossible to extract them from their ores by only heating them
with carbon. Instead, electricity is used to extract these metals from their ores.
Blast Furnace
Iron is much more reactive than copper, so it is therefore more difficult to extract from its ore.
In industries, a special furnace, a blast furnace has to be used, as the temperature must be
extraordinarly high. In the blast furnace (like the one on the right) carbon burns to form carbon
dioxide. This gas reacts with the charcoal(carbon) to form carbon monoxide gas. Carbon
monoxide reacts with the iron ore to form iron. The iron is obtained from the blast furnace
isn’t very strong, and so, is used mostly to make steel. The iron ore is reduced to iron metal in
a blast furnace. The furnace is about 50 meters high, and is lined with heat resistant bricks.
Charcoal burns the hot air to form carbon dioxide gas. The equation for it is: C + O2 → CO2. Carbon
dioxide reacts with charcoal to form carbon carbon monoxide gas. The balanced equation for it is:
CO2+C→2CO.
 EXTRACTION OF METALS

Iron forms and flows to the bottom of the furnace. The balanced Metal Formula Action of heat Action of heat Electrolysis of
compound alone & carbon molten oxide
equation for this reaction is: Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2.
The correct amount of carbon along with any other additives is Sodium oxide Na2O
then added to the iron to form the alloy steel. There are many Calcium oxide CaO No reaction
different types of steel, made to suit the purchases requirements. Magnesium MgO
Other metals can be added to alter with the properites with steel to oxide
further improve it. Aluminuim Al2O3
oxide No reaction Metal and
Zinc (ll) oxide ZnO Produces oxygen
SUMMARY metal & produced
carbon
→The more reactive a metal, the more easily and more tightly it dioxide at
will combine with oxygen. It will be harder to split up the metal high temp
oxide and obtain the metal. Iron (lll) oxide Fe2O3
React to
→Some metal oxide decompose on heating, while others remain Lead (ll) oxide PbO produce
unchanged. Copper (ll) CuO metals and
oxide carbond
→Metal oxides that don’t break down on heating contain metals dioxide
Mercury (ll) HgO Reacts to produce
which are at the top of the reactivity series. oxide metal & oxygen
Gold (l) oxide Au2O
 EXTRACTION OF METALS

Electrolysis
Electrolysis is a method of extraction used if a metal is more reactive than carbon. It is an
expensive method, as it uses a lot of energy.
Electrolysis is the electrical current flow through a liquid which causes chemical changes.
The liquid is usually molten (melted) or an aqueous solution, both of which can carry
current. These liquids are also known as electrolytes. When an ionic compound is put in
these liquid substances, the ions move freely, as their forces of attraction are broken. The
liquid will then contain ions that move freely within it, which helps it conduct electricity.
Keep in mind that positive ions are called cations and negative ions are called anions.
Putting electrical conductors into the liquid will not affect the ions. Because electrons
move easily throgh a metallic structure, and a potential difference or voltage is applied
across it, the electrons will begin to drift towards the positive terminal.
In electrolysis, there are two electrodes, which are made of a conducting material. The
negative electrode is called a cathode, while the positive electrode is called an anode. The
cathode is connected to the negative side of a power supplier, while the anode is connected
to the positive side of a power supplier.
 Redox and electrons
Magnesium can burn into oxygen to form magnesium oxide, it’s obvious that the magnesium has been
oxidised, but what has happened to the oxygen is a redox reaction. A redox reaction can be explained
as the gain or loss of electrons. Key words:
Oxidation:
REDOX Reduction and electron gain The addition
of oxygen to
REACTIONS Reduction is the gain of electrons. When magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide,
oxygen is reduced, and the oxygen atom has gained two electrons to form a O 2- ion. a substance
Reduction:
Oxidation and gain of oxygen The removal
When magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air, it is in the air, it is easy to see that magnesium has of oxygen
gained oxygen and an oxidation reaction has occurred. Magnesium has been oxidised. from a
substance.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Spectator
 Reduction and oxidation have to take place together in a reaction. A redox reaction is when both ion: an ion
oxidation and reduction occur at the same time.
that is
Example unaffected in
Green – reduction Blue - oxidation a reaction.
Half
Lead oxide + carbon → lead + carbon monoxide
equations:
Oxidation numbers show just
For a reaction to be considered a redox reaction, different reactants have to be oxidised or reduced. part of the
Oxidation numbers are assigned to the reactants and products in order to identify reactants. These are reaction the
also known as oxidation states. point of view
Oxidising and reducing agents of one of the
In the example above, iron is substances
A substance donating electrons easily and causes another substance to be reduced is called a reducing
being oxidised, as oxygen is present.
agent. A substance which accepts electrons easily and helps another substance to be become oxidised is
added to it. Oxygen is reduced in called an oxidising agent.
this example, as it’s been affected
Electron transfer
after reacting with water to form
iron oxide. If a metal or ammonium compound or an acid in solution, it is ionic.
 BONDING TYPES

There are three types of chemical bonding:

• Ionic bonding
• Covalent bonding
• And metallic bonding
Bonding in atoms depends on the element structure, metal and non-metals.
Atoms bond in order to complete their atomic configuration, making them more stable.
Atoms complete their atomic configuration by fixing the amount of electrons in their outer In the above diagram, the element
shell of electrons, also known as valance electrons. illustrated is a carbon atom. We can
observe that the carbon atom has 4
The valency of an atom is the amount of valance electrons the atom uses in a chemical
valance electrons, and needs 4 more
bond. electrons to complete its outer shell,
Ionic bonding → a chemical bonding between a metal and a non-metal atoms in order for it to be stable. The carbon
atom will ideally bond with another
Covalent bonding → a chemical bond between two non-metals atom that has 4 valance electrons, to
complete both configurations.
Metallic bonding → chemical bonding between metals
 IONIC BONDING
The above diagram is an example of ionic
bonding. In this example, sodium chloride is
being produced. As you may have noticed,
sodium needs seven electrons to complete its
outer shell, while chlorine needs one electron
to complete its outer shell. Instead of gaining
seven electrons, sodium loses its valance
electron, becoming positively charged, while
chlorine becomes negatively charged. Now
that the ions are oppositly charged, they
attract each other, forming an ionic bond –
sodium chloride.
As you have now known from the previous slide, ionic bonding is the chemical bonding between a
metal (usually an alkaline metal) and a non-metal.
An atom becomes an ion when there is an unequal amount between the protons and electrons of the
atom, due to chemical bonding with other atoms. An ionic compound is formed when the positive and
negative ions have a strong attachability, which is due to their electrostatic attraction. Electricty can be
extracted from ionic substances by being dissolved, or by being turned into molten.
Alkali metals all have one valance electrons, so when they form ionic bonds, they lose their valance
electron, and become a single positive charged atom.
When an atom gains an electron to complete its outershell, it becomes negativly charged; when an
atom loses an electron, it becomes positivly charged. Because they are oppositely charged, the atoms
are attracted, forming a stable chemical bond.
When writing the formula for an ionic compound, the atomic ratio is important in order to identify the
amount of atoms from each element is present. In order to have a formula of an ionic compound, you
have to include:
⟶The element’s chemical symbol, and in the correct order, metals come first
⟶The charges of the atoms, based on the element’s ion
⟶A balanced amount between the ions, in order to give no overall charge
When writing a word equation, the metal is named first, and the non-metal follows with the prefix ‘-
ide’.
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide
Ionic bonds form lattices, which is a regular pattern created form the oppositely charged ions. This
makes ionic bonds great conductors of heat and electricity.

COVALENT BONDING
In the diagram above, H2O, or water, is being
formed. Both hydrogen and oxygen aren’t metals,
and so, makes this a covalent bond. Oxygen has
six valance electrons, and needs two electrons to
complete its outer shell, and become stable.
Hydrogen(s) needs one electron to complete its
outer shell. Two hydrogens bond with oxygen,
benefiting each atom and forming a molecule.
They bond due to electrostatic forces.
Like ionic bonds, covalent bonds occur to stablise atoms by
completing each others’ outer shell. Covalent bonds, however share
electrons instead of losing or gaining electrons. Covalent bonds also
occur between two non-metals, instead of a metal and a non-metal.
Covalent bonds occur when there is an electrostatic attraction
between positive and negatively-charged nuclei from from each
element’s atom.
Many elements exists as covalent bonds, creating multiple molecules.
Molecules are formed when two or more atom are joined by covalent
bonds (example: O2 oxygen molecule).
Dot-cross diagrams are used when explaining the bonding between
these atoms. It is helpful to have ways to differentiate the electrons
of each atom, as it makes it easier to understand the diagram. Like on
diagram in the right hand corner, each hydrogen atom was given
different identifiers, which helped further explain how and why a
hydrogen molecule is formed. The hydrogen atoms complete each
other’s outer shell.
 METALLIC
BONDING
The diagram above represents a metallic
structure. In here, the purple particles
represent the sea of electrons, while the
green particles represent the positive
metal ions. The forces of attraction
between these metal ions are very
powerful; their attraction also creates
regular and repeating patterns, which
forms a lattice.
Metallic bonding is a chemical bonding occurring between two or more
metals. This occurs in order for the metals to complete each other’s outer
shell. An example of metallic bonding is between
Pure metals have tightly-packed layers of atoms, resulting in pure metals to
have a lattice structure. Outer electrons move freely on the surface of the
metal, creating a sea of electrons. The electrons on the surface of the metal
are delocalised, meaning they move freely through the metal structure. The
electrons also hold the structure of the bond in place, as they flow through
the positive ions. The electrostatic attraction between the positive and
negative metal ions is very strong; explaining why various metallic bonds
have high melting and boiling points. The electrostatic attraction is
extremely powerful between the ions, and only high heat can break it apart.
A lattice structure, like the one on the left, means that there is a repeating
pattern. Lattice structures aren’t only found in metallic bonds, but ionic
bonding as well. Although ionic lattices have alternating positions of the
metals and non-metals in the bond, metallic lattices differ. In metallic
lattices, however, there are only metal ions.
Metallic structures have high melting and boiling point, making them great
conductors of heat and energy, as they are not easily broken down. The sea
of electrons aids in conducting electricity, and won’t be affected if the metal
changes in shape.
Bonding between alklai metals and halogens is a covalent bond, as
BONDING
it’s between a non-metal and a metal. These elements bond together BETWEEN
in order to stabilise each other’s atomic state. By gaining or losing ALKALI
electrons, it makes the atom much more stable, and helps the atom
become stronger. METALS AND
When an alkali metal reacts with a halogen, the compound formed is HALOGENS
a halide. Halogens (or group 7 elements) are toxic, making it
compulsory to carry out these experiments, that help us see how
these elements react to bonding, in a fume cupboard to avoid any
safety hazards.
• When a halogen bonds with lithium, it produces a crimson flame.
• When a halogen bonds with sodium, it forms a yellow flame.
• When a halogen bonds with potassium, it forms a lilac flame. The picture above is a
representation of the reaction
explained on the left.
 COMPARING AND CONTRASTING COVALENT
BONDING AND IONIC BONDING
How they are similar
→Both ionic and covalent molecules produce
exothermic reactions. This means their products
release heat, due to thier low potential energy.
→Both make their molecules stable. Atoms become
stable once completing their atomic configuration,
whether this is done by losing or gaining electrons.
→Ionic and covalent molecules both only use valance
electrons when bonding two atoms together.
→Both bonds create electrically neutral molecules. In
ionic bonds, this is done by making two oppositely
charged ions cancel each other out by bonding. In
covalent bonding, this is done by having already
electrically neutral atoms join.
How they are different
Ionic bonds
→ The bond occurs between two ions of opposite charges.
→ Ionic bonding occurs when an atom has gained or lost an
electron, making the atoms no longer neutrally charged.
→ Form ionic lattices, as the forces of attraction are very
strong. This gives them high melting points.
Covalent bonds
→ Molecules are formed by atoms sharing electrons, instead
of gaining or losing them.
→ The atoms are electrically neutral, as the amount of
protons and electrons are equal.
→ Covalent bonds are more common in nature, and are
found easily.
→ Covalent bonds don’t have strong electrostatic attraction
forces, as the atoms are neutral, so they have low melting
points, as the bond isn’t strong.
 COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
COVALENT AND METALLIC BONDS
How they are similar
→Both help atoms stabalise. Atoms become
stronger, and more stable, when their electronic
configuration is completed, which is achieved by
either losing or gaining electrons.
→Both occur by sharing electrons. Covalent
molecules share electrons to complete each
other’s electronic configuration, while metallic
molecules share electrons from the sea of
electrons surrounding the.
→Both use the valance electron from each atom.
How they are different
Covalent bonding:
→ Occurs between a metal and a non-metal.
→ The electrons are shared, making them electronically
neutral, as the electrons are not lost or gained.
→ More common in nature.
→ Covalent molecules are weaker, giving them lower
melting and boiling points.
→ Covalent molecules aren’t malleable
Metallic bonding:
→ A chemical bond between two or more metals.
→ The bond occurs when a positive and negative charged
metals bond, meaning they become electronically neutral
after bonding, as they cancel each other out.
→ Because of the bond’s strong attraction, it makes them
good conductors of heat and energy.
→ Have strong forces of attraction, as they form lattices,
giving them high melting and boiling points.
 COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
METALLIC AND IONIC BONDS
How they are similar
→Both bonding types form lattices. This is because of the
oppositly charged atoms. This makes them tightly
packed.
→Ionic and metallic lattices are tightly packed, and so,
are good conductors of heat and electricity. This is due
to the sea of electrons in metallic molecules. In ionic
molecules, however, this is only occurs when the
substance is dissolved in water.
→Both aren’t affected by changes in shape, meaning they
still have properties such as heat and/or electricity
conductivity with the same strength even if their shape
change.
How they are different
Ionic bonding
→ Ionic bonds transfer the needed number of electrons
from one atom to another.
→ In an ionic molecule, positive and negative ions are
present.
→ Lattices are formed between oppositely charged atoms
(cations and anions).
→ Unlike metallic lattices, the electrons aren’t free to
move around, and are set in place.
→ Not malleable or ductile, due to their electrons lack of
movement.
Metallic bonding
→ Metallic molecules are malleable and ductile
→ Forms a positively charged lattice. The electrons in the
lattice are delocalised, and are free to move in any
direction.