WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME – BASED EDUCATION

SCIENCE GRADE
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 11

LEARNING QUARTER 4

MODULE WEEKS 2-3

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 2

0
 MODULE IN
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

QUARTER 4
WEEK 2-3

The Ionic and Covalent Bond

Formation in Terms of Atomic
Properties

Development Team

Writer: Preciousa F. Ramos

Editors/Reviewers: Elizabeth H. Domingo Hamilton C. Remigio

Flenie A. Galicinao

Lay-out Artist: Ryan James J. Pascual

Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda, CESO V
Arnel S. Bandiola Lourdes B. Arucan

Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 1

 What I Need to Know

This module helps you understand the ionic bond and covalent bond formation in
terms of atomic properties. In your journey through the discussions and assigned tasks,
you are expected to:

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC):

1. draw the Lewis structure of ions; (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-70)

2. apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds;
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76)
3. write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic elements of the
representative block; (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77)
4. draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds; (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-78)

Learning Objectives:

The learners should be able to:

1. apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds;

2. define covalent compounds and name some covalent molecular compounds;
3. describe how a covalent bond is formed;
4. write the formula of molecular compounds; and
5. write the Lewis structure of some covalent molecular compounds

This module consists of one lesson which is the molecular covalent compounds.

Lesson 1 – Ionic and Molecular Covalent Compounds

Note: All answers to assessments/activities must be written on a separate sheet of paper.

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 What I Know

Directions: Read the question/statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which characterizes the bonding in covalent molecular compounds?

A. It is formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom of a
different element.
B. It is formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another of the same
element.
C. It is formed by the release of electrons between atoms of the same element.
D. It is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms in the compound.

2. Which of the following compounds have covalent molecular structure?

A. MgCl2 C. AlCl3
B. SiCl4 D. CaBr2

3. Which molecule has a double bond?

A. HF C. CCl4
B. PCl3 D. CH2O

4. What type of bond is found in the Lewis structure of nitrogen gas, N 2?

A. single covalent bond C. triple covalent bond
B. double covalent bond D. All of the above

5. How many lone pairs are found in the Lewis structure of carbon dioxide, CO2?
A. 4 C. 8
B. 6 D. 10

6. Which of the following compounds has the smallest bond length?

A. H – F C. Cl – Cl
B. O C O D. C O

7. Which of the following is the correct formula for bromine pentafluoride?

A. BrF C. Br5F
B. BrF5 D. Br5F5

8. How many total valence electrons are there in phosphorus trifluoride?

A. 20 C. 24
B. 22 D. 26

9. How many lone pairs are present in the Lewis structure of SiF 4?
A. 10 C. 14
B. 12 D. 16

10. How many total valence electrons are there in the compound acetylene, C2H2?
A. 5 C. 10
B. 8 D. 12

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 Lesson Ionic and Molecular Covalent
1 Compounds

This module presents to you the properties of molecular covalent compounds. In the
previous module, you learned about the quantum mechanical description of the atom and its
electronic structure. In this module, you will learn how ionic and covalent bond is formed. You
will also learn how to write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic
elements of the representative block and to draw the Lewis structure of ions and molecular
covalent compounds.

What’s In

Directions: Identify whether each compound has ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or both.
1. Na3PO4 ____________________________
2. K2O _______________________________
3. COCl2 _____________________________
4. CoCl2 ______________________________________________
5. FeCl3 ______________________________

What’s New

Atoms seldom exist as independent particles in nature. The oxygen that you breathe,
the water that makes up most of our body, and nearly all other substances are made up of
combinations of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.
When atoms bond, their valence electrons are redistributed in ways that make the
atoms more stable. The way in which the electrons are redistributed determines the type of
bonding. Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between large numbers
of cations and anions are called ionic bonding. In contrast to atoms joined by ionic bondinh,
atoms joined by covalent bonding share electrons. Covalent bonding results from the sharing
of electron pairs between two atoms.

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 Nonmetallic elements have a covalent molecular structure. A useful rule for
predicting whether a binary compound has a covalent molecular structure is this: the
combination of two nonmetals produces a compound with a covalent molecular structure.

The properties of covalent molecular compounds are the same as those of the
nonmetallic elements with the same structure. Usually, they have low melting point and
boiling points and are nonconductors of electricity.

What is It

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that are electrically charged. You have learned
from the previous module that metals at the left side of the periodic table form cations while
nonmetals at the right side of the periodic table form anion. When these metals and nonmetals
chemically combine, an ionic compound is formed. The electrostatic attraction that holds
together the oppositely charged ions, the cations and anions, in the solid compound is referred
to as ionic bond.
Ionic compounds have the following properties:
1. They have very high melting and boiling points. Ceramics are made of ionic
compounds and, hence, do not melt when in contact with hot food or when placed in
the oven.
2. The compounds in the solid state are nonconductors of electricity but, in the molten or
liquid state and in aqueous solution, are conductors of electricity.
3. Ionic compounds consist of anions and cations. In the solid state these ions are
arranged in a well-ordered array which is reflected in the characteristic crystal structure
of the compounds.
4. The ionic bond formed by the attraction between the oppositely charged ions is very
strong. This keeps the ions in the crystal together.

The Octet Rule

Why does sodium form cations with a charge of +1 while calcium forms cations with a
charge of +2?
Noble gases are generally unreactive, do not form ions and form few compounds.
They are considered stable. They have stable electronic structure consisting of completely
filled s and p orbitals in their valence shell. The observation that atoms tend to lose or gain
electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons gave rise to the octet rule. This

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was proposed by Gilbert Lewis. The octet rule simply states that most of the representative
or main group elements form ions by either gaining, sharing or losing electrons, in such a
manner as to reach the stable valence electron configuration of the noble gases. Metals tend
to lose electrons due to their low ionization energy and nonmetals tend to gain electrons due
to their high electron affinity.

The Lewis Structure

A useful tool for applying the octet rule is the Lewis structure (after Gilbert N. Lewis).
Also called electron dot structure, a Lewis structure indicates the number of valence electrons
in an atom represented by dots scattered on four sides of the atomic symbol. The choice of
which side to put an electron first is arbitrary. The tables below show the Lewis structure of
some representative elements, ions and ionic bond formation.

Table 1. Lewis structure of Representative Elements

Below is an example of a Lewis structure of ionic compounds.

Figure 1. Lewis structure of Ionic Compounds

https://images.apvp.goo.gl/3nYAhJoTKzh8ALhr9

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Formation of a Covalent Bond

A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. One pair of
shared electrons forms one covalent bond. The octet rule is applied also in the formation of
covalent bonds. The diatomic chlorine molecule is an example of a covalent bond. The
valence shell of chlorine contains seven electrons. It needs one more electron to complete its
octet. Using the Lewis structure of chlorine, you can easily visualize how the two chlorine
atoms in the chlorine molecule share their electrons to obey the octet rule.

https://www.chemistrylibrary.org/2019/07/covalent-bond.html

A pair of shared electrons or bonding pair can be represented by a single line between
the atoms. This is called a single covalent bond, or simply a single bond. There is also a pair
of electrons that do not participate in the bond formation. This is called lone pair or nonbonding
pair. Like for example, in the compound ammonia, NH3.

https://doubtnut.com/question-answer-chemistry/a-molecule-of-ammonia-nh3-has-28376962

A covalent molecular compound can also have a double bond like in the case of
oxygen gas. In N2, the nitrogen atoms share their three pairs of electrons and form a triple
bond.
Bond length is the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms. As a general
rule, bond length decreases as the number of shared electron pairs increases. Thus, the order
of bond length is: single bond > double bond > triple bond.

Writing and Naming Formula of Molecular Compounds

The chemical formulas for covalent compounds are referred to as molecular formulas
because these compounds exist as separate, discrete molecules. Typically, a molecular

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formula begins with the nonmetal that is closest to the lower left corner of the periodic table,
except that hydrogen is almost never written first (H 2O is the prominent exception). Then the
other nonmetal symbols are listed. Numerical subscripts are used if there is more than one of
a particular atom. For example, carbon tetrachloride is written as CCl4. Another example is
phosphorus trichloride which is written as PCl3.
For some simple covalent compounds, we use common names rather than systematic
names. We have already encountered these compounds, but we list them here explicitly:
H2O: water
NH3: ammonia
CH4: methane
Naming binary (two-element) covalent compounds is similar to naming simple ionic
compounds. The first element in the formula is simply listed using the name of the element.
The second element is named by taking the stem of the element name and adding the suffix
-ide. A system of numerical prefixes is used to specify the number of atoms in a molecule.
Normally, no prefix is added to the first element’s name if there is only one atom of the first
element in a molecule. If the second element is oxygen, the trailing vowel is usually omitted
from the end of a polysyllabic prefix but not a monosyllabic one (that is, we would say
“monoxide” rather than “monooxide” and “trioxide” rather than “troxide”).
Let us practice by naming the compound whose molecular formula is CCl 4. The name
begins with the name of the first element—carbon. The second element, chlorine, becomes
chloride, and we attach the correct numerical prefix (“tetra-”) to indicate that the molecule
contains four chlorine atoms. Putting these pieces together gives the name carbon
tetrachloride for this compound.

Try This!
Write the molecular formula for each compound.
a) chlorine trifluoride
b) phosphorus pentachloride
c) sulfur dioxide
d) dinitrogen pentoxide
e) carbon monoxide
*Ans. a) ClF3 b) PCl5 c) SO2 d) N2O5 e) CO

Lewis Structures
Covalent bond formation usually involves only the electrons in an atom’s outermost
energy levels, or the valence electrons. Electron-dot-notation is an electron-configuration
notation in which only the valence electrons of an atom of a particular element are shown,
indicated by dots placed around the element’s symbol. Electron-dot-notation can also be used

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to represent molecules. The pair of dots representing a shared pair of electrons in a covalent
bond is often replaced by a long dash.
Lewis structures are formulas in which atomic symbols represent nuclei and inner-
shell electrons, dot-pairs or dashes between two atomic symbols represent electron pairs in
covalent bonds and dots adjacent to only one atomic symbol represent the unshared
electrons.

Steps in Writing the Lewis Dot Structure

Example: Draw the Lewis structure of iodomethane, CH3I

1. Determine the total number of valence electrons in the atoms to be combined.

-Carbon is from Group 4 and has 4 valence electrons, Iodine is from Group 7 and has
seven valence electrons and hydrogen is a member of Group 1 and has 1 valence
electron.

2. Arrange the atoms to form a skeleton structure for the formula. If carbon is present, it
is the central atom. Otherwise, the least-electronegative atom is central (except for
hydrogen). Then connect the atoms by electron-pair bonds.

3. Put the rest of the electrons in pairs around the atoms bonded to the central atom until
each atom, except hydrogen, has four pairs around it to satisfy the octet rule.
4. Move the electrons to form double or triple bonds in order that all atoms have four
pairs, except for hydrogen which should have only one.
-There are eight electrons in the four covalent bonds and six electrons in the three
unshared pairs,vv giving the correct total of 14 valence electrons.

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 Try This!
Write the Lewis structure of the following compounds.
a) HCN
b) PCl3
c) CHCl3

What’s More

Activity 3.1. Writing the Lewis structure

Directions: Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules. Compute for the total
valence electron.

1. IBr
2. CH3Br
3. C2HCl
4. SiCl4
5. OF2
6. PCl3
7. CHCl3
8. C2H2
9. CO
10. N2

What I Have Learned

1. The electrostatic attraction that holds together oppositely charged ions in a solid
compound is referred to as ionic bond.
2. Generally, ionic compounds are solids which have high melting and boiling points. In the
solid state, they do not conduct electricity. However, in the molten or liquid state and in
aqueous solutions, they are conductors of electricity.

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3. The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons until they are
surrounded by eight valence electrons.
4. The Lewis or electron dot structure indicates the number of valence electrons in the atom.
5. The combination of two nonmetals produces a compound with a covalent molecular
structure.
6. Compounds consisting of molecules wherein atoms are joined by covalent bonds are
known as covalent molecular compounds.
7. A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. Pairs of unshared
electrons are known as lone pairs or nonbonding pairs.
8. Bond length is the distance between the nuclei of the two bonded atoms.
9. To write the Lewis structures of covalent molecular compounds, determine first the total
number of valence electrons in the compound. Write the atoms in the order in which they
are bonded to one another then distribute the electrons in pairs, first between each pair of
bonded atoms and then around each atom to complete each of their octets.
10. In naming binary molecular compounds, write the name of the leftmost element in the
chemical formula first. The second element should be given an -ide ending. Use Greek
prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element.

What I Can Do

PERFORMANCE TASK
Directions: Read and understand the information given below, make a creative output in the
form of a tarpaulin layout.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD: explain the properties of covalent molecular compounds

in terms of their structure and state their importance in daily life

SITUATION: The local government of Ilocos Norte is sponsoring a program featuring the
locally made products in Ilocos Norte entitled “Mercato ni Gov 2021”. The governor invites
all local producers to create a booth and display the locally created products. In the booth,
a tarpaulin is needed featuring the important things people should know about the product
displayed.

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 GOAL: Your goal is to create a tarpaulin showcasing a locally produced product of Ilocos
Norte like “basi”, Ilocos vinegar, “tagapulot”, “banga” or pots, Ilocos garlic, honey, fruit wines,
iodized salt, etc. In your tarpaulin, the following must be placed; name of the product,
molecular compound present in the product, chemical formula, chemical composition,
properties, importance and use, and the picture of the product.

ROLE: You are an exhibitor

PRODUCT: tarpaulin layout

AUDIENCE: citizens of Ilocos Norte, visitors and invited guests

STANDARDS: Your work will be judged by the following standards: content, organization,
visuals, completeness and originality. (Attachment no. 1)

Assessment

Directions: Read the question/statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following characterizes an ionic compound?

A. formed by two metals C. ions held by covalent bonds
B. can exist as crystals D. high melting and freezing points
2. Which will form an ion with a +2 charge?
A. S C. Ba
B. Br D. Cs
3. How many electrons must be gained or lost by phosphorus to achieve a stable electron
configuration?
A. +1 C. +3
B. +2 D. – 3
4. It indicates the number of valence electrons in an atom represented by dots scattered on
four sides of the atomic symbol.
A. Octet Rule C. Ionic Bonding
B. Lewis Structure D. Covalent Bonding
5. The electrostatic attraction that holds together oppositely charged ions in a solid
compound is referred to as _________.
A. covalent bond C. metallic bond
B. ionic bond D. polar covalent bond
6. Covalent bond is formed by the ___________ of electrons between atoms in the compound.
A. gaining C. transfer
B. losing D. sharing

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7. Which of the following compounds have covalent molecular structure?
A. MgBr2 C. SO3
B. K2O D. NaI
8. Which molecule has a triple bond?
A. HF C. CCl4
B. CO2 D. C2H2
9. What type of bond is found in the Lewis structure of nitrogen gas, Cl2?
A. single covalent bond C. triple covalent bond
B. double covalent bond D. All of the above
10. How many lone pairs are found in the Lewis structure of carbon monoxide, CO?
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
11. Which of the following compounds has the smallest bond length?
A. H – F C. Cl – Cl
B. O C O D. C O
12. Which of the following is the correct formula for xenon hexafluoride?
A. XeF C. XeF6
B. Xe6F5 D. XeCl6
13. How many total valence electrons are there in iodine trichloride?
A. 22 C. 26
B. 24 D. 28
14. How many lone pairs are present in the Lewis structure of ammonia, NH3?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
15. What type of bond is bond is formed in the compound Na 3PO4?
A. ionic bond C. metallic bond
B. covalent bond D. both a and b

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 10. A 5. ionic
9. B 4. ionic
8. D 3. covalent
7. B 2. ionic
6. D 1. both
5. A What’s In
4. C
3. D
2. B
1. D
What I Know

References

Davis, Raymond E., et.al, Modern Chemistry. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
2002.
Bayquen, Aristea V., et.al, Exploring Life Through Science Series Senior High School General
Chemistry 2. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016.
Barrameda, Ma. Corazon, et.al, Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 2.
Quezon City: EC-TEC Commercial. 2016.
Padolina, Ma. Cristina D., et.al, Conceptual and Functional Chemistry-Modular Approach.
Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc. 2010.
Ilao, Luciana V., et.al, General Chemistry 2. Manila: Rex Book Store. 2017
Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, and Madura. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern
Applications. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2007.

Online References
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_The_Basics_of_
GOB_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/04%3A_Covalent_Bonding_and_Simple_Molecular_Compoun
ds/4.02%3A_Covalent_Compounds_-_Formulas_and_Names

https://www.chemistrylibrary.org/2019/07/covalent-bond.html

https://doubtnut.com/question-answer-chemistry/a-molecule-of-ammonia-nh3-has-
28376962

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 14

 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: laoag.city@deped.gov.ph

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