Topic 12: Entropy and Energetics

12A: Entropy Learning objectives

12A: Entropy Learning objectives
Learning objectives
12B: Lattice energy
Learning objectives
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

DNA
What makes a reaction occur?

react together at room T

1%

react together once ignited

EQUILIBRIUM
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

Can it be explained based on energetic stability only? NO

react together once ignited

more energetically stable position of equilibrium can be

than the reactants reached from either direction

Endothermic reaction
takes place spontaneously
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

The new question…

When a reaction reaches a point of equilibrium, what determines whether the

equilibrium will favour the reactants or the products, and to what extent?

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as
an isolated system, will always increase over time. The second law also states that the changes in the
entropy in the universe can never be negative.

In a spontaneous process, the total entropy increases

(Chemistry)
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

 Property of matter (just like density or energy)

Entropy
 Quantity associated with randomness or disorder

Refers to

 Distribution of molecules

 Distribution of energy of the system

 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

Entropy (S) is a measure of the dispersal of energy in a system, which increases as the system is more disordered.

• ΔS represents the change in entropy in J K-1 mol-1.

• Physical states have different levels of entropy due to the amount of ‘randomness’ of the particles.
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

 entropy of a substance increases with temperature

 entropy increases from solid to liquid to gas

in the liquid particles can the liquid substance has

vibrate, rotate and move more disorder and higher
around in more ways standard molar entropy
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

Entropy  Distribution of molecules

Bromine and air molecules diffuse so that
the molecules of each gas are spread out
evenly throughout both gas jars

 Distribution of energy Why?

Evidence…

Possible arrangements: 32
(25 = 32)
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

Entropy  Distribuition of molecules

 Distribution of energy

Quanta

• Energy exists in set quantities

• Distribution of the quanta between molecules is random

• The more quanta there are, the more ways there are for
arranging them between the molecules
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

Entropy  Distribuition of molecules

 Distribution of energy

Example

There are several ways in which these molecules could

share the 4 quanta of energy
Work out all 5 of them…

The higher the T, the more E a substance has, the

more ways there are to distribute the energy, the
higher he entropy.

Increasing T, increases S
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy

Entropy = 0

Perfect crystal at 0 K
One in one the internal lattice structure is the same at all times
(particles ae fixed and are not moving in any way, rotating or vibrating)

The closest we can get to an entropy value of 0 is a

flawless diamond cooled in solid helium
 Title: Introduction to Entropy
C Grade: understand that enthalpy changes alone do not control whether reactions occur
B Grade: understand entropy as a measure of disorder of a system and that it increases with T
A Grade: be able to interpret the natural direction of change as being in the direction of increasing total entropy