,

1 The process of photosynthesis has two main stages. The first of these involves the light-
_.depend~nt reactions . .
(a) The statements below describe important parts of the light-dependent reactions of
photosynthesis. Place a cross in the box next to the term that completes each statement
correctly.
(i) When light is absorbed by chlorophyll, it excites (1)
A electrons
B neutrons
C photons
D protons

(ii) Oxygen is produced when water molecules are split in the process of (1)
A analysis
B autolysis
C hydrolysis
D photolysis

(iii) The products of the light-dependent reactions that are used in the light-independent
reactions are reduced NADP and (1)
AATP
BGALP
CDNA
DRuBP

3
(b) Describe the structures in a chloroplast that are involved in the light-dependent reaction s of
photosynthesis. (J).. .
•• •••••••••• ••• • ••••••• ••• • ••••• •• •·• •• •••·•···••••• •• •••••••••••• • ••••••••• •• •••••·
•••••• •• • ••• •••• •••••••••••a ♦♦♦♦♦♦ I♦.••••• e♦♦ I •••••♦♦•••·• ♦•••• •• •••••
.................................................············ ..................................········.................................., ............... .
..........................................
................................................. ...................... ................................................:............... ........................................................... ,
.................. ........ .......................... .......................············•·············· .. ················ ........... ····· ..·············..
.................................. ... ......······ ............................................··········. ······· ······· ..·········· ....... ··········......
......········ .................................................................................................... ······· ........................······..
................................................. ... ......... ............... ........ .... ····· ······ ...·············.....·············· ... ·····...·····...

4
 lighting. Three different types
(c) In an investigation, wheat plants were grown us.ing artificial
re, the total biomass of the plants and
· ~ -, .of light_ing _:VeJ",~~-gs,~9...:Wh~p. .P).e_~P.~'1l plants '1/~J.:t! matu
each type of lighting.
the mass of the grain (seeds) they produced were measured for
The table below shows the results of this investigation.
I
I Grain yield as a
Total biomass Mass of grain· I' perc enta ge of tota l !
Type of light ing I
/kg /kg II
I biomass(%)
'
Low pressure sodium lamps 171 61.7 I 36.1 !
II
High pressure sodium lamps 159 58.8 I
/
37.0

i !
162 62.4
Metal halide lamps
for the wheat grown under meta]
(i) Calculate the grain yield, as a percentage of total biomass,
halide lamps. Show your working. (2)

Answer ...................................................... %
ns the investigators may have
(ii) With reference to the data in the table, suggest the conclusio
grain yield. (3)
made about the effect of using different types oflighting on
. ............................................................................. -.........
....................................................... . . ................................................................................ . ........................................
... .. .. ....... ..... .... .......
.............................. ............. .......... ..................................................... .................. ....
..........
............................................................................................... .......... ...... ......... ............ ····· .......
·····.
.............. ............ ......... ....······················.......................................................................................
..................
.......................................... ...........................................................··········.....·······..............
houses with artificial lighting
(iii) Suggest-two advantages of growing crops of wheat in glass
rather than growing them in open fields. (2)
................
.........................................············.................························....................... ......................
...................................................... ....................................... .............................. ..........................
........
.
.......... ............................................................................... ............ .................................. ... ... ......................
.. .. ............................. ........... .................................................... .. ...................................... ............
....... ..

5
 2 It has been estima ted that only 5% of the light energy
hitting the surface of a leaf reache s 1he
··. chloro_plasts tq._be used.in the_synthesis of.organic material. The total energy
used in this
synthesis is known as the gross primary productivity (GPP).
(a) Sugge st two reason s why 9 5% of the light hitting the surface of a leaf is not
used by the
chloroplasts. (2)
...........·····....................................········· ......................................·····················.................·········...... ,

........ ························ .................................................................................·······.........······ ..........······..

........ ···················· .....................................................................................................·····.................. , .

....................... ········· .............................................................................................................··•······......

(b) The mean GPP for plants on Earth is 24.4 x 106 J m-2 year-1 .
The plants use 3.7 x 106 J m-2 year-1 of this energy in metabolic processes.
The energy in the
remain ing organi c material is known as net primar y productivity (NPP).
(i) Explai n what is meant by the unit J m-2 year-1 . (1)
..........................................................................................................................................................
............. .................... ......... ... .................................................. ........... ..... ···········..................................
(ii) Calcul ate _the percen tage of the mean GPP that remains as NPP within plants
on Earth.
Show your workin g. (2)

r .

Answ er ................................................. ··························~·············••.•·················

·· %
(iii) Place a cross in the box next to the metab olic process that best descri bes
the proces s that
accoun ts for most of the difference betwe en GPP and NPP in plants. (1)
A Chemo synthe sis
B Respir ation
C Photos ynthes is
D Protei n synthe sis
 is made
*(c) With reference to the structures in a chloroplast, explain how the energy from light
a"'.;:!ili¥J1e~.in .ATP molecul~s _for the synthesis of organic materials. (6)

..·····................................................······················.............................................................................
............ .. .. ........;..................................................................................................................................
........ .. .. .................... ........ ............................ ......... ·····································..........................................
............ ...................... .................................... ..... ... ......................................................................... ...
.. ...... ····••·········•······•·.......................................................................··········.........................................
.. ................. ...... ..... .. ........... .................. ...... ... .. ... ... ...... ............................................. .............. ... ........
,. ..............................................................................................···················.........................................
................ .. .. ... ....... ............. ............ ......··············•··•·•···.......................................................................

3 The removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by green plants involves carbon
fixation.

(a) The following statements are about carbon fixation.

. (1)
(i) Place a cross in the box next to the stage in which RuBP combines with carbon dioxide
A The light-dependent reactions of the Calvin cycle
B The light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle
C The light-dependent reactions of the Krebs cycle
D The light-independent reactions of the Krebs cycle

(ii) Place a cross in the box next to the enzyme that catalyses carbon fixation. (1)
AGAL P
BGP
CNAD P
DRUBI SCO

(iii) Place a cross in the box next to the site of carbon fixation. (1)
A Cristae of a mitochondrion
B Granum of a chloroplast
C Matrix of a mitochondrion
D Strama of a chloroplast

7
 · ·
(b) Vanetie · which have
s of the crop plant, maize (Zea mays), are grown in many countnes
· - relatively long;.warm .growiJ,J.g seasons. Toe seed heads, known as com cobs,
contain grains '
(seeds) that are used in the production of many cereal products. A typical com
cob is shown in
the photograph below.

MagniflGltion xQ.5
(i) Suggest why the development of com cobs, suitable for producing cereal
products, depends
on the rate of carbon fixation in maize plants. (3)
.............................................................................................··················.. ······ .......................······ ....
.
.................................. ...................................................................................... ........·········· ..............
~ ...
........ .......... ................................................................ .. ............... .............. .............··········· ......................
~

·······································................ ........................................................................·········· ............... .

~

....... ....... ........................................................................................ .. ..... ················· ..........................

.

8
 (ii) ~s the d~mand for maize has increased, it has started to be grown in many more regions of
the World. In order to meet tJus demand, new varieties _o f maize have b_e_e n.d_eveloped from
older traditional varieties by scientific breeding programmes.
The graph below shows the rate of carbon fixation for six new varieties (A to F) of maize at two
different environmental temperatures, 25°C and 14°C.

30
G C

25

20
Carbon fixation
/µmol m-.2~-1
15

10

s
0
A B C D E F
Variety of maize

·The rate of carbon fixation is higher at 25°C than at 14°C for each of the six varieties of maize.
Suggest an explanation for this. (2)

....... ·••.•, ·······;································································· ............ ~........•.................................................

........ •,••············ ......................................................................······ ····················...................................

.............. .. ......................................... ........... ... .................. ........... .......... .......................................... ..

9
 ... )
(m The table belo
·
w shows the range of temperatures for the mam• wing seas on for
crop -gro
· • ~
- - mau.e, m . . . .
1our.reg10ns of the World. The .mam • thr of the regio ns is.
maiz e, vane ty grow n.lJl • ee · · ·
also shown.
f

Temperature range /°C I !

Region
Minimum Maximum
Main maize variety II
?
Central Africa
Central USA
24.8 I 273 F i
t
20.2 28.3 F I
Northern Africa 24.7 27.9 F 1
Central Europe 11.2
Using the data shown in the graph, complete the table
19.3 !
by selecting
variety for Central Europe. Explain the reasons for your
the mos t suita ble maiz e
'
choice. (5)
............................................................................................................................. ·····················
············...... ·········..
... ................................................................. ....................... .....................·······
·····•··············....... ······· ..
•
... ····"!····· ..... ·••.•· ..................................•...............•..............•............•...............•...
.•........•......·•····· .•••...•.
....................................................................·····················································
.................................~}~
.....................................................................................................................................
....................
····•·········•·········•···•································...................................................................
········... ···········•···

1(,
 the time
4 In seaweeds that are found on shores around Britain, ph_otosynthesis occurs during
are submerged
.·.. ·. ..that they are submerged at high tide. Seaweeds found near the top of the shore
rged for
for short periods in shallow water. Seaweeds found lower down the shore are subme
longer periods in deeper water.
(a) The diagram below shows the double-membrane envelope of a chloroplast.

ns of
(i) Complete the diagram to show the structures involved in the light-dependent reactio
photosynthesis. Label these structures. (2)
(ii) The table below shows two statements taken from a student's essay about the light-
dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
statement
Complete the following table by placing a tick( □) in the correct column next to each
to show whether it is true or false. (2)

I Statement I • True False

I Electrons in chlorophyll are excited as 6ght energy !

I is absorbed
I
The energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to
gene-rate ADP and NADP
ynthesis.
I

I I
(iii) Expl~in how oxygen is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photos
(2)

......... ·······················································•···················. ··········•············································ ..............

.........·······························..................·····....····························· ............ ·····•···... ·············•···············......
... ........... ..·····················•······•················..................................·•·······•··············· ..................................
...................................................................................4.4·····································································
11
 lb) As light penetr ates deeper water, red, orange and yellow wavelengths
are absorb ed by Lhe
seaw ater, where as in shallow water most wavel engths penetrate.
The table belO\v shows the relative rates of photo synthesis in a green
seawe ed, Ulva lactuca,
and a red seawe ed, Schi...-ymenia dubyi, at different wavelengths of light
The relativ e rates of photosynthesis are compa red with the rate in light
with a wavel ength of
660 run (red).

Relative rate of photosynthesis

Seaweed / arbitrary units
I

Ulvalaetuca
430 nm (blue) 540 nm {green) I 660nm {red)
0.94 0.17 I 1.0
Schizymenia dubyj I 1.0 038
I
II 3.40 I I
(i) Using the data in the table, suggest where each of these two seawe
eds is most likely to be
found on a seashore. Place a tick( □) in the most appropriate box in
each colum n. (2)

l
Position on shore U/va lactuca I Schizymenia dubyl I
I Top of the shore
I C

IMiddle of the shore

j Lower down the shore

I
l All regions

(ii) Give reasons for your answers. (4)

.......................................................................................................................................... ····· .........
..
....... .. ............... ............................. ......... ..... ......... ......... .................. .. ....... ·····...........................
...........
·········· ........................................................··············•····.................·········....................······.................
........ ....... .......... .. .................................. ....... ............... .................... ········· ········· ...................................
•• ••••• •• ••♦ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
•••••• •• • • •••••I•• ••••• • •••••••• ♦••••••••••••••••-
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦• ••••••• • •••• • •••••♦ ••••• ••••♦- ♦ ♦ ♦♦••
• • •• I••••

.........................························.............................................························· ............ ·····.................

.

12
I
5 The diagram ~elow summarises the interconversion of ATP and ADP
.
I ._
_,_ . , ,.
• •• ~ .... - · - - . ; ~ .. . , . • •• • .... ...l ·-

Reaction S
ATP ADP+ Substance W+ Energy

Reaction T

(a) Place a cross in the box that identifies each of the following. (3)
(i) Substance W
D D D A carbon dioxide
D D D B an electron
D D D C inorganic phosphate
D D D D a proton
- (ii) Reacti on S
□ D D A carboxylation
D □ D B hydrolysis
D □ D C phosphorylation
D D D D photolysis
· (iii) Reaction T
D D D A carboxylation
D D D B hydrolysis
D D D C phosphorylation
D D D D photolysis
(b) Reacti on T occurs in a chloroplast.
Descri be the structures in a chloroplast that are involved in this reaction. (3)
.....................................................................................································ ..................................................
.................................. ...... ............ -..........................................................................................................
............................. ....................................................... ........................... ·····················......................
... ......... .. .. .. .................................................................. ........................................... .... .......................
............ ... .............. .......... .. ...................................................................................... ...........................

13
 (c) The energy released by reactio
n S is used to form GALP (glyce ald h de 3-p ho sph ate )
r e Y

Plant cell walls contain cellulose

molecules.
Suggest how GALP ma y be use
d to synthesise ~ellulose. (5)
I ♦ 1 ♦ 11♦ 111111♦ 111 ♦ 111111111
II♦♦• 111111111111♦ 1111111 ♦ 111.1
111111 ♦1111 I I 11111 11111 11111
11111 11 ·····......······.·········.....
♦ ► 1 ♦ 1111114 •1111 1111 ♦ I I l l I
........................................·-................................... I .

.........································...······· .. ······ .........·····..

....................................... ···········-·······.. ··········
······················ ···················· ······ ······ ·············........
................................................................................ .... ••·
....··················.. ······ ..............····· .......................
.................................. ................................ ...
................. ·································· ···············..
...... ................. ................. ... ...................... ..... ·········· ......
.............. ........············........ ······· .. ····· ............
................................................................................ ...............
....·····························•····· ················.··············· ...
6 Photosynthesis involves the
fix ation of carbon dioxide in chloro
plasts.
(a) Place a cross in the bo x nex
t to the region of the chloroplast
tha t wo uld be inv olv ed in the
fixation of carbon dioxide. (1)
A crista
B granum
C matrix
D stroma

14
 ,

(b) An investigation was carried out into the effect of reducing the carbon dioxide available for
··- photosynthesis..Cells. of a unicellular alga were suspended in a solution containing 1.0% carbon
dioxide. After 250 seconds, the carbon dioxide in the solution was reduced to 0.003%.
The cells were illuminated with a bright light and some were removed at regular time intervals
for 500 seconds. The concentrations of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) and glycerate 3-phosphate
(GP) in the cells were measured.
(i) Suggest two reasons why a suspension of cells of a unicellular alga, in a solution, is more
suitable for this investigation than using leaves. (2)

········......... ···········•···•···························· . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................··········•·······•·····

..........................................................................................................................................................
•••• • ••••••• • •••• • •••••
• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
•••••• ••• •••••••• •• ••••••• ••• • •••••••• •• ••••
't •••• •••••• • •••••••• •• • • •••••••••••••••• • •••

(ii) Suggest why it would be advisable to illuminate the cells at a high light intensity during this
investigation. (3)

········.......... ···················........................................................... ...................................................................

................ .................................. ............................ ..................................... .......... . ........... ......... ............................. .........
... .............................................................. ..................................................................................................................

15
 *(iii) The gra ph bel ow shows the results
of the investigation.
.. . ...

Concentration of
RuBPand GP
/ arbitrary units

1.0

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
lim e/ seconds
Describe and suggest an explanation for
the changes in the concentrations ofR uB
P and GP
sho wn in the graph. (6)
............................................................-····· ....................................
......................................................... .
.................... ~-- ......................······························
·······································.....·······.....................................
.. ···•·······················································................................................
...........···•·············............... •·
...............................·········•·····•····················.························
···.........................................········ ······ ......
.............. ........................................................ ....................................
.............. ......... ...... ·············...... ······......
....................... ........................... ...... ............................................. ................................ , ........
................................................................................................ .
... ....... .............. .......... ................................... ....... ...... ...............
................................................ ··•·········......................

16
 stage and the light-
7 Photosynthesis can be divided into two main stages, the light-dependent
independent stage. , . • ... . , {;.-h . . . . ·. . . .. _ ,. • . _.:... - ..!-., _. .. ,
light-dependent stage.
(a) Explain why the light-independent stage cannot take place without the
(3)
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .. •••••••••••••••••••••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••e••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

...........................................................................................................................................................
..··············........····· ....................·············.....................................................··········....................
.........
.......... ...... ..... ................................. .......................................... ..................... ... ...................
.....·····•·····
. ·- ··································· ........... ...............................................................................................................

rature on the rate of

(b) An investigation was carried out by a student, to find the effect of tempe
photosynthesis in Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed).
temperature. This
The rate of photosynthesis was measured over a period of two hours at a fixed
lled.
was repeated at different temperatures. All other abiotic factors were contro

Rate of 250
photosynthesis - .-,-,......-"---
/ arbitrary units 1.........:..,__w_
200

150

100

so

10 20 30 40 so
Temperature/ -C
be measured to
(i) Place a cross () in the box next to the statement that describes what could
find the rate of photosynthesis in this investigation. (1)
A increase in mass of Elod~a
B mass of nitrate absorbed
C volume ·of carbon dioxide produced
D volume of oxygen produced

17
 (ii) The temperatures used in this inves
tigation were 0°c, 10°C, 20°c , 30°C , 40°C and sooc .
.
Sugg est what the i:esµlts of the myes . .
tigatl on_show about the. rrum
. .
mum temperat
. .ure requ ired for
photo synth esis in Elodea.
Give a reaso n for your answer. (2) ·
......................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................... ,
......................................................................................................·················. ········· ·······......
······ .....
........ .. .......···············.....············............................................·················".........········
···············........
................................ ......... ........... .. ... ....... ...... ... ···········..·· ..................................................................................... ..
(iii) Expl ain the mean ing of the following statement.
"All other abiotic factors were controlled." (2)
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................. "
....................................................................................................................................................................................
............................. ~

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................
.................... ....... ....................... ............ ............. .................. ........................ ............ .................. ........ ..... ........................... .............
....... ........ ....... ... ........ ... ..
(iv) The student, who carried out this investigation, wrote
the following as part of her
- ·- !
conclusion.
Enzy mes contr ol the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea.
Disc uss how far the results of this investigation support
her conclusion. (4)
.............................................................................................................................................................. ··········
................................ .
........................... ............. ......... ...........................................................................................................
·
........................................................... .
... ............ ........... .......... .... ....... ......................... ............. ........................................... ............. ............
............ .... .............. ........ .......... .... ..

................ ..... .................. .. ......... ........... ............................................... .............. _............. ···••·•• ....·...............................................
..................................... ....... ..... ...... ................... ......... ..................... .............................................. ... .. ... .. ...... .....
......... .... ..

lh
8 The photogra ph below shows part of a leaf, as seen using a hand lens.

- ' .. , ' -- ~ ~--., Lamina, a thin

Midrib containing ':1 ., • • l
area containing
•~•·
branches of vessels photosynthetic
from the stem
cells

Veins connecting
midrib vessels with
photosynthetic
cells

Magnification x20
(a) Suggest why each of the following is important for the production of carbohydrates in the
photosyn thetic cells.
(i) The thin lamina' (2)

.................................................................................,.~·-••t•'·········································································

... ········•····..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Vessels in the midrib (2)

................................•........·········· ............................................ ·······-·········· ..... ·····••¥••···· ........................

19
 (b) The photosynthetic cells contain many chloroplasts.
(1.) comp1ete the table below by naming the part of ~e chloroplast w h ere eac_h. of the reactions,
:.
R, Sand T, talces place (3)
I

Part of the '

Reaction Details i
chloroplast
R ADP + inorganic phosphate ➔ ATP
s RuBP + CO2 ➔ 2 x GP (

T 2 x GP ➔ 2 x GALP
(ii) Place a cross in the box next to the name of reaction R. (1)
A carbon fixation
B hydrolysis
C phosphorylation
D photolysis

(iii) Place a cross in the box next to the name of the enzyme involved in reaction S. (1)
A endonuclease
B phosphorylase
CRUB ISCO
D transcriptase

(iv) Suggest how GALP, formed by reaction T, can be used to synthesise the cellulose in
plant
cell walls. (4)
.........................................................................................·····················............................................
.. .............. ......................................................·······•··................············································................
.... ...... ....... .................................................... ................··································.. ~· ...........................······
.......................................................................................................·······························....................
................................................................... ..... ··················································...... ·········· ....... ········.. .
•• • •••••• ••••• •••• •••••••• •••••••••••• • •••••••••••• •••••••••••• •••• •••• ••••••• •• •••• ...... ..............
..... .............. !•• ••••• •••••••••••• •••••••••••• •••••

20
 9 Cells that photosynthesise contain many chloroplasts.

-- ··· The,c;iiagram..belqw,~hows a c,hJor_o.plc\St. .

horylation takes place. Labe l the

(a) (i) Draw a line on the diagram to show where photophosp
line P. (1)
photophosphorylation. (1)
(ii) Place a cross in the box next to the molecule produced by
AAT P
BNA DP
C oxyg en
D water

. (1)
(b) (i) State where carbo n fixation takes place in a chloroplast_.

(ii) The equation for carbon fixation is show n below.

molec ule Y + CO2 --► 2 x molecule Z

Name the molecules Y and Z. (2)

molec ule Y ··········· · · - - -- - · ••·••························· ········

mole cule Z ········-·································································
(iii) Nam e the enzyme invol ved in carbo n fixation. (I)

................................................................................................········•··•·•··...........................................

21
 *(iv) Sugge st how molecule Z, the produ ct of carbon fixation, Can be used to synth esise starch .
(5)
...................................................................................................................................................·····'
... ... ................. .................. .......................... ........... ... .......... ... .. ········· ······ ·········..····· ...........··•·· ...........
........ .......................... ............... .. ................ ...........·····.................·····................................ ·····.······....
........ ........................................................... ........ ·············· ····· ············· ·········.....·····...····· .... ·············...

......... ·····················································.......................········ ················· ... ······.·····....········............... '

.......................................................................................................................................................................... .
............ .......................... ...... ..................... ....... ......... ....... ..... .... ............... ... ············............................................................
····· . . .

10 Oak trees may be found growi ng in gardens and woods.

Durin g sexual reproduction in oak trees, pollen is transferred betwe
en the flowers.
The flowers then produ ce nuts called acorns. An acorn contai ns the
embry o plant, as well as a
store of starch.

acorn oak leaf

Magnification x 1
The photo graph below shows oak leaves and acorns.
(a) (i) Descr ibe how the pollen is involved in the produ ction of the
embry o plant. (4)
........................................................................................................................................................................................
.. ........ ........ .................... ... ......... ... ...................... ......... ....... ............ ............ ........................ ....... .... .......... .... ............. .... .................. . .
.......... ............... ..... ............. .................................................................................................................................................................
~

............ .
..................... ............... .................... ............. ................ .................................................................................................................. ............
~
~ .......
.. .... .................. ....... ................................................_. ................................................
................................................................................................. .
·····.····........... ...........................................................................................................................................................................
,

22
(ii) Explain why starch is a suitable molecule to be stored in the acorn. (4)

..........................................................................................................................................................
...... .. ... .. ... ....... ..-...............................................······························..........................................·······...
........ .... ..... ···············................... ......................................................................... ...................................
...... .......... ···························...............................................................................................................
...................................... ...................... ............................ ....... .............. ....... .. ......... .. .................. ........ ..... ........... ..

(b) Some oak trees lose their leaves each year. The leaves remain on the ground because they
take a long time to decompose .
The leaves contain high levels of tannins that are poisonous to many animals and
. .
m1croorgamsms.
Explain why oak tree leaves take a long time to decompose. (4)

..............................................................................,..............................................................................................
······ ...........................................................................................................................................................
.................................... .................................. ··················.......................................................................
••·••••♦♦♦ •♦♦♦••••••
• ••·•·••••••••••·•••··•· ♦ .. ♦♦♦ f ♦♦♦•♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦•♦•••♦♦ f ♦♦♦♦•••••··•·••••
•••
I••••• · •·••••••·••·••••••••••••• ♦ ♦ ♦■•••·••·•·••····· • •••• ♦• ♦♦•••

...............................................................................................................................................................

23
 11 The light-independent react ion of photosynthesis prod
uces GAL P (glyc erald ehyd e 3 -
phos phat~).

This prod uct is then used in the synthesis of other mole

cules, such as DNA .
(a) Desc ribe how GALP is form ed in the light-independe
nt reaction. (4)
................. ..........····· ....................................................···························.. ······ ......···········..·······.......
.. ········· .....··························· ····· ......................................................·················. ······ ...
······· .......····· .....
............ .................................... ~··· ..... ·····•···· ............................................····················....... ·····
·········· ....... ·····•····
...................................................................................................········•··········· ........................
.........
............········.......................................············· ·············......... ····································
·····.......... ·········.:
........................................... ········· .........................................................................................
...··············· ..·····..........

(b) Desc ribe the structure of DNA . (4)

.......................................................··········•········································......................... ···•············
······............
....................... ·····························~·-....................... ................................•.....
........ ...................... .. .•.. .. i
...................................................................................................... ··················•····................ -1
1,,1'

................................
................ ......... ............ ................ ........................... ................ ..................... ... ...........,.................
...........................
.................................................·············•············•·········................................................................
......

( c) In plant s, GAL P is conv erted into other sugars that are

used in the synth esis of new
biolo gical molecules.
Sugg est how GALP contributes to the synthesis of DNA
. (3)
............................................................................········....................................................................
.
........................................ ... ................... ..............···························.............·····················.......
......... .
............ .....··············· ....................... ··································.-············································.....
·············
.. .... ...... ··············.....................................................................................................····· ..·······....... ...
.........
··········........................................................···········•···········•······•·•····•··•·•······.......................
.................

24
12 (a) The diagram below shows some of the steps in the process of photosynthesis.
water e~u!e Q
light-depe ndent reaqi<;>ns . ·_ _. . .. . rrio.l_ .

molecules Rand S

light-inde pendent ~eactions .

(i) Place a cross in the box next to the nam~ of molecule P in the diagram. ( 1)
A carbon dioxide
B oxidised NADP
C reduced NADP
DRUBISCO

(ii) Name the molecules Rand Sin the diagram. (1)

molecule R ............~ .................................................................................... ................
molecule S ................................................. ................;............................ :.................. .

(iii) Describe how molecule Q is produced. (4)

r-

····························•······················•····················•····································.. ·······················..·····•-•··••·········
.........··············· .......... ···············..................····•············ ·········•··············•· ............................... ...........
...._

................... ............ ···•••············ .....................................~·············· .......................................................

.............. .......... ..... ..... .................... ................... ..... ...... ......... ..... ............... ............···················... ·····..

25
 (b) The electronmicrograph below shows an image of a chloroplast.

(i) Place a cross in the box next to the name of the part labelled Z.
(1)
Agra num
B ribosome
C starch grain
D stroma
(ii) The equation below can be used to calculate the magnification
of this chloroplast
image length = actual length x magnification
The actual length of this chloroplast is 0.007 mm.
Measure the image length between lines Wand Y. Use this equation
to calculate the
magnification of the image. (3)

magnification= ........................................................ .
(iii) Describe the structure of chloroplasts in relation to their roles in
photosynthesis. (3)
...........................................................................................................········· .....····· .................. ······....
.. ................. .......... ......................··················..............................................················· ......................
................................... ........................................ ..... .............................······· ......······ ..................
........
....... ................................ .................. .......... ··•········...........................··•···········.........
...........................
................................~··············································································· ··························· ·.
. . ............
26