REVIEW PRELIM PERIOD

SIMPLE APPREHENSION: IDEAS/TERMS

JUDGMENT: ENUNCIATION/PROPOSITION
CATEGORICAL AND HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITIONS
IDEAS/TERMS
• The most important considerations here:
• Terms according to meaning: univocal, analogous and equivocal
• Terms according to extension: singular, universal, particular and
collective: Quantity- Pope Francis, A part of the class, The least
Nothing, Nobody, Everybody, All, Each, Incompetence
• Terms according to quality: positive and negative.
• My strong emphasis on these as you will use them time and again in
the coming sessions and activities.
IDEAS/TERMS
• The Logical properties of a term:

• Comprehension/meaning/connotation

• Extension/referent/denotation
IDEAS/TERMS
• INVERSE PROPORTIONALITY
• This is how the 2 properties are related to each other.

• The increase of one calls for the decrease of another and vice-versa.

• The greater the comprehension/extension, the lesser the

extension/comprehension and vice-versa.
Waterless planet-Mars-Planet!
ENUNCIATION/PROPOSITION
• The structure:
• Subject Term- Copula- Predicate term
• The thumb rule: Everything that comes before the copula is known
Subject Term. And everything that goes after the copula is the
Predicate Term.
That man over there in a red shirt with a blue baseball cap is my
brother.
My brother is that man over there in a red shirt with a blue baseball
cap.
COPULA
• In its logical form, the copula makes use of linking verbs
Linking verbs: am, is, are, was, were (not) … is non-compliance
• Not right after the linking verb goes with the copula
That man is not unfriendly presence.
• But if not is anywhere except right after the copula, it must not affect
the copula (by that the quality of the proposition).
A person who is not honest to himself is prone to lying.
All revolutionaries are individuals who are not lacking in resolve.
Honesty is never an outmoded virtue. Honesty is not ever…
COPULA
• As explained much earlier, it is smart to double check the subject term in case
there is something that may affect the copula.
“Not every person is a reliable partner” is the same as “Some persons are not
reliable partners.”
Also, “Nothing is enough to a greedy person” is the same as “Everything is not
enough to a greedy person.”
But, “Not to answer a call for along time is impolite” is not the same as “To answer
a call for a long time is not impolite.”
The difference? More often, the not in “not every person,” “not all,”
“nothing” serve also as quantifier.
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
• The 2 characteristics of a categorical proposition:
Quantity: Basically, it is based on the Subject Term.
Singular RRD is the President of the Phil.
Universal All frontliners are heroes.
Particular Some/Few/Several birds are predators.
Quality: More often than not, based on the copula
Affirmative Illegal logging is not acceptable.
Negative
Quantity of the Proposition
• How do you determine the quantity of the proposition?
• The quantity of the Subject Term is basically the quantity of the
proposition.
Dr. Michael Alba is the President of FEU.
Every citizen is expected to follow the laws of the land.
Not all objects that glisten are gems.
Quality of the Categorical Proposition
• How do you determine the quality of the categorical proposition?
• The primary reference is the copula.
• Whenever the copula contains the negative description (is not, was
not…), the proposition is negative. Else, it is affirmative.
• For good measure, examine also the subject term as it may finally
dictate the quality of the proposition.
“No saints are criminals” is negative in quality as it can be also written
“All saints are not criminals.”
• Last point. “Never” after the copula means negative as it is “not ever.”
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
• KINDS AND SYMBOLS are just but the combination of the kinds of
quantity (3) and quality (2).
• Accordingly, 6 kinds but represented by 4 symbols as universal and
singular can be fused together:
Universal/Singular Affirmative: A
Universal/Singular Negative: E
Particular Affirmative: I Some… are
Particular Negative: O Some … are not
Quantity of the Predicate Term
• The quantity of the Predicate Term (to be distinguished from the
quantity of the proposition) is based on the quality except when the
term is decisively singular.
• Remember that the quality of the proposition is in turn based mainly
on the copula.
• To wit, when the proposition is affirmative, the quantity of the
predicate term is particular. A, I
• When the proposition is negative, the quantity of the predicate term
is universal. E, O
Quantity of the Predicate Term

The capital of Japan is Tokyo.

Everything is rosy to an optimist.
None of the senators are residing in a nipa hut.
Several components of the machine are non-replaceable.
All anti-government groups are often times misunderstood.
Logging is illegal.
Hypothetical Proposition
Conditional Proposition
Parts: Antecedent and Consequent
Antecedent Indicators: If, Provided that, On the condition that…
Be attentive to Unless- If … not
Consequent Indicator: Then (but dispensable)
True when there is a necessary connection
False when there is absence of that connection
Hypothetical Proposition
Disjunctive Proposition
Indicator: Either… or/Or
Kinds of Disjunctive Proposition
1. Strict/Exclusive: the disjuncts are the only possible alternatives
Else, all alternatives are given
2. Broad/Inclusive: the disjuncts can include other alternatives
but not given explicitly.
Hypothetical Proposition
Disjunctive Proposition
Indicator: Either… or/Or
Kinds of Disjunctive Proposition
1. Strict/Exclusive: the disjuncts are the only possible alternatives
Else, all alternatives are given
2. Broad/Inclusive: the disjuncts can include other alternatives
but not given explicitly.
Hypothetical Proposition

Strict/Exclusive disjunctive proposition will always be True.

One disjunct is true and the other is false.
Broad/Inclusive disjunctive proposition can be True or False.
When the disjuncts can both be true, meaning, they can include
each other or go together, the proposition is True.
When the disjuncts are both false, meaning, they cannot be both
true as there is another alternative that is true, the proposition is
false.
Hypothetical Proposition

Conjunctive Proposition
Indicator: cannot (be) … and … at the same time/simultaneously.

The proposition is True when the conjuncts or alternatives are

incompatible, meaning, they cannot be both true.

The proposition is False when the conjuncts are compatible, meaning,

they can be both true.