Fall 2021

ME 2304
3D Geometry & Vector Calculus

3rd Semester
Course Support

nasreen.bano@szabist.edu.pk

Notes Courtesy:

aneel@szabist.edu.pk
Office: FR-304
100 Campus

Official: ZABdesk
 Course Books
Text Book:
Advanced Engineering Mathematics
by Erwin Kreyszig

Reference Book:
1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics
By Dean G.Duffy

2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics

By Peter V. O’Neil
 Course Outline
•  
• Analytical Geometry in 3-space, Cylindrical and Spherical coords.
• Surfaces, Vector & Scalar functions and fields.
• Curves, Tangents, Arc length of a curve.
• Velocity, Acceleration, Curvature & Torsion of a curve.
• Gradient of a Scalar Field and directional derivatives.
• Divergence of a Vector Field.
• Curl of a Vector Field.
• Gradient, Divergence and Curl in Curvilinear coordinates.
• Line integral, integration around closed curves.
• Application of double integrals, Green’s theorem.
• Tangent planes, Surface normal.
• Surface integrals.
• Triple integrals, Divergence theorem of Gauss.
• Application of the Divergence theorem
• Stokes’s theorem.

11:11 4
 Expected Class Conduct
• Be punctual, after 10 minutes attendance will be taken and
students will be marked late after that.
• Eating/drinking not allowed except water.
• Avoid talking to each other during lecture.
• If you have any query, raise your hand.
• Cell phones must be on silent mode and should not be used
during lecture.
• All the other rules set by SZABIST management is
applicable.

11:11 5
 Chapter Outline
• the basic algebraic operations of vectors into 3-
space
• the heart of vector differential calculus.
• three physically important concepts related to
scalar and vector fields:
– gradient
– divergence
– curl

11:11 6
 Course Books
Sr. Evaluation Frequency Points Total

1 Quiz 3 5 15

2 MidTerm 1 20 20

3 Course Work 5 3 15

4 EndTerm 1 40 40

5 Test 1 10 10

11:11 CH 1 Mechanics 7
 Scalars
• A scalar quantity is a quantity that has
magnitude only and has no direction in space

Examples of Scalar Quantities:

 Length, i.e. 5m
 Area
 Volume
 Time
 Mass
 Speed
 Temperature
 Vectors
• A vector quantity is a quantity that has both
magnitude and a direction in space

Examples of Vector Quantities:

 Displacement
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Force
 More about Vectors
• A vector is represented on paper by an
arrow
1. the length represents magnitude
2. the arrow faces the direction of motion
3. a vector can be “picked up” and moved on
the paper as long as the length and direction
its pointing does not change
 Position Vector
• If A is the point (a1,a2), as shown in figure
given below, then is OA called position vector
for (a1,a2), or for point A.
• The numbers (a1,a2) are called components of
vector.
y

A(a1,a2)
i tion
Pos tor Terminal Point
vec a
O
x
Initial Point
 Position Vector (contd.)
• The magnitude of the vector a (a1,a2) is 
actually the length of its position vector OA
is given by:
2 2
a  ( a1 , a2  a1  a2

Exercise:

Sketch the position vectors for a=(-3,5), b=(0,-3) and

find magnitude of each vector.
 Vector Diagrams
• Vector diagrams are
shown using an arrow
• The length of the
arrow represents its
magnitude
• The direction of the
arrow shows its
direction
 Resultant of Two Vectors
 The resultant is the sum or the combined effect of
two vector quantities

Vectors in the same direction:

6N 4N = 10 N

6m
= 10 m
4m

Vectors in opposite directions:

6 m s-1 10 m s-1 = 4 m s-1

6N 10 N = 4N
 Algebraic Vector Addition
The sum of the two vectors, say a (a1,a2) and
b(b1,b2) is obtained by simply adding the
corresponding components, i.e.
a+b=[a1+b1, a2+b2];
Basic properties of Vector addition are:
1. a+b=b+a
2. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
3. a+0=0+a=a
4. a + (-a)= 0, where –a represents a vector having the length and
direction opposite to that of a
 Exercise
If a(4,-6) and b=(-5,8), find the vectors
• 2a+3b
• a-b
• 2a-3b
 Exercise
1. Find The terminal point of the vector P1 P2  4i  8 j

If its initial point is (-3,10)

P1 P2  4i  8 j  ( x2  x1 , y2  y1 )  (4,8)
 x2  (3)  4  x2  1
& y2  10  8  y2  18
Hence, terminal point is (1,18)

2. Find The initial point of the vector P1 P2  5i  j

If its terminal point is (4,7)
Answer: (9, 8)
 Important
• You can add vectors in any order and yield the
same resultant.
 The Parallelogram Law
 When two vectors are joined
tail to tail
 Complete the parallelogram
 The resultant is found by
drawing the diagonal

The Triangle Law

 When two vectors are joined
head to tail
 Draw the resultant vector by
completing the triangle
 Problem: Resultant of 2 Vectors
Two forces are applied to a body, as shown. What is the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the body?

Solution:
 Complete the parallelogram (rectangle)
 The diagonal of the parallelogram ac

represents the resultant force

 The magnitude of the resultant is found using

Pythagoras’ Theorem on the triangle abc a

12 N d
Magnitude  ac  12  52 2
θ 13

5N
N 5
ac  13 N
12 b c
Direction of ac : tan   12
5
12
   tan 1  67  Resultant displacement is 13 N 67º
5
with the 5 N force
 Problem: Resultant of 3 Vectors
Find the magnitude (correct to two decimal places) and direction of the
resultant of the three forces shown below.
Solution:
 Find the resultant of the two 5 N forces first (do right angles first)

ac  52  52  50  7.07 N
5 d 5 c
tan    1    45
5

N
Now find the resultant of the 10 N and

5N

07
 5

7.
7.07 N forces
 The 2 forces are in a straight line (45º + 90º
θ
45º

N
a
135º = 180º) and in opposite directions 5N
b

93
135º

2.
So, Resultant = 10 N – 7.07 N = 2.93 N

N


10
in the direction of the 10 N force
 Resolving a Vector Into Perpendicular
Components
• When resolving a vector into
components we are doing the opposite
to finding the resultant
• We usually resolve a vector into
components that are perpendicular to
each other

 Here a vector v is resolved into

an x component and a y

v
y
component
x
 Practical Applications
• Here we see a table being N
y=25 N 50
pulled by a force of 50 N at
30º
a 30º angle to the horizontal x=43.3 N
• When resolved we see that
this is the same as pulling
the table up with a force of
 We can see that it
would be more
25 N and pulling it
efficient to pull the
horizontally with a force of table with a
43.3 N horizontal force of
50 N
 Calculating the Magnitude of the
Perpendicular Components

• If a vector of magnitude v and makes an angle θ with the

horizontal then the magnitude of the components are:
• x = v Cos θ
v
• y = v Sin θ y=v Sin θ y
θ
x=v
x Cos θ
 Proof:
x y
Cos  Sin 
v v
x  vCos y  vSin 
 Unit Vector
• A unit vector is a vector that has a
magnitude of 1, with no units.
• Its only purpose is to point i.e. they are
used to specify a direction
• We will use i, j for our unit vectors
• i means x – direction and j is y – direction
• We also put little “hats” (^) on i, j to show
that they are unit vectors
Unit Vector (Cont)
 Unit Vector (cont)
If we want to find the unit vector having the same direction as a given vector,
we find the magnitude of the vector and divide the vector by that value.

w  3i  4 j What is w ?

 3   4   25  5
2 2
w 
If we want to find the unit vector having the same direction as w we need to
divide w by 5.

3 4 Let's check this to see if it really is 1 unit long.

u i j
5 5 3  4
2
25
2

u       1
5  5 25
 Exercise
If we know the magnitude and direction of the vector, let's
see if we can express the vector in ai + bj form.

v  5,   150
As usual we can use the trig we know
to find the length in the horizontal
direction and in the vertical direction.
5
150
v  v  cos  i  sin  j
5 3 5
v  5 cos 150i  sin 150 j   i j
2 2
 Recap
• What is a scalar quantity?
• What is a vector quantity?
• How are vectors represented?
• What is the resultant of 2 vector quantities?
• What is the triangle law?
• What is the parallelogram law?
• What is unit vector ?