 BNJ 10203

 Lecture #02
 By: Pn. Dalila Binti Mohd Harun
 Faculty of Engineering Technology, FTK
 Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
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 2D VECTOR ADDITION
Today’s Objective:
Students will be able to :
a) Resolve a 2-D vector into components
b) Add 2-D vectors using Cartesian vector (i, j, k)
and notations and Parallelogram Law (Triangle)

Learning topics:

• Application of adding forces

• Parallelogram law
• Resolution of a vector using
Cartesian vector notation (CVN)
• Addition using CVN
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 APPLICATION OF VECTOR ADDITION

There are four

concurrent cable forces
acting on the bracket.
How do you determine
the resultant force
acting on the bracket ?

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 SCALARS AND VECTORS (Section 2.1)

Scalars Vectors

Examples: mass, volume, length force, velocity

Characteristics: magnitude magnitude and 

direction A

Addition rule: Simple arithmetic Parallelogram law

Special Notation: None Bold font, a line or

an arrow

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 VECTOR OPERATIONS (Section 2.2)

Scalar Multiplication
and Division

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 VECTOR ADDITION

Two methods to solve the vector

addition:
1. Parallelogram Law or triangle
2. Cartesian vector form

Parallelogram Law Triangle method

(always ‘tip to tail’):
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 1. PARALLELOGRAM LAW: RESOLUTION OF A
VECTOR

“Resolution” of a vector is breaking up a vector into components. It is kind of like using the
parallelogram law in reverse.

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 Cont: VECTOR ADDITION OF FORCES

Finding a Resultant Force

 Parallelogram law is carried out to find the resultant force

 Resultant, Triangle Method

FR = ( F1 + F2 )

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 Cont: VECTOR ADDITION OF FORCES

Procedure for Analysis

 Trigonometry

 Redraw half portion of the parallelogram

 Magnitude of the resultant force can be determined by
the law of cosines
 Direction if the resultant force can be determined by the
law of sines
 Magnitude of the two components can be determined
by the law of sines

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 EXAMPLE 2.1
The screw eye is subjected to two forces, F1 and F2. Determine
the magnitude and direction (from positive x-axis counter
clockwise) of the resultant force.

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 Solution
Applying Parallelogram Law method
- Unknown: magnitude of FR and angle θ

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 Solution
•Trigonometry

- Law of Cosines
FR  100 N 2  150 N 2  2100 N 150 N cos115
 10000  22500  30000 0.4226  212.6 N  213N

- Law of Sines
150 N 212.6 N

sin  sin 115 
150 N
sin   0.9063
212.6 N
  39.8

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 Solution
• Trigonometry
- Direction Φ of FR measured from the horizontal

 
  39.8  15
 
 54.8 

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 2. CARTESIAN VECTOR NOTATION

• We ‘resolve’ vectors into

components using the x (i) and y
(j) axes system
• Each component of the vector is
shown as a magnitude and a
direction.

• The directions are based on the x and y axes. We use the

“unit vectors” i and j to designate the x and y axes.
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 For example,
F = Fx i + Fy j or F' = F'x i + F'y j

The x and y axes are always perpendicular to each

other. Together, they can be directed at any
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inclination.
 ADDITION OF SEVERAL VECTORS

• Step 1 is to resolve each force

into its components

• Step 2 is to add all the x

components together and add all
the y components together. These
two totals become the resultant
vector.
• Step 3 is to find the magnitude and
angle of the resultant vector

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 Example of this process:

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 You can also represent a 2-D vector with a
magnitude and angle.

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 EXAMPLE 2.2
Given: Three concurrent forces
acting on a bracket.
Find: The magnitude and
angle (from positive x-
axis counter clockwise)
of the resultant force.
Plan:
a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components (Free body diagram
(FBD).
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.
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 EXAMPLE (continued)

F1 = { 15 sin 40° i + 15 cos 40° j } kN

= { 9.642 i + 11.49 j } kN

F2 = { -(12/13)26 i + (5/13)26 j } kN
= { -24 i + 10 j } kN

F3 = { 36 cos 30° i – 36 sin 30° j } kN

= { 31.18 i – 18 j } kN
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 EXAMPLE (continued)

Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,

FR = { (9.642 – 24 + 31.18) i + (11.49 + 10 – 18) j } kN
= { 16.82 i + 3.49 j } kN
y
FR
FR = ((16.82)2 + (3.49)2)1/2 = 17.2 kN
 = tan-1(3.49/16.82) = 11.7° 
x

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CONCEPT QUIZ

1. Can you resolve a 2-D vector along two directions, which

are not at 90° to each other?
A) Yes, but not uniquely.
B) No.
C) Yes, uniquely.

2. Can you resolve a 2-D vector along three directions (say

at 0, 60, and 120°)?
A) Yes, but not uniquely.
B) No.
C) Yes, uniquely.
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 IN CLASS TUTORIAL (GROUP PROBLEM
SOLVING)

Given: Three concurrent

forces acting on a
bracket
Find: The magnitude and
angle of the
resultant force.
Plan:

a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components.

b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
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c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

F1 = { (4/5) 850 i - (3/5) 850 j } N

= { 680 i - 510 j } N
F2 = { -625 sin(30°) i - 625 cos(30°) j } N
= { -312.5 i - 541.3 j } N
F3 = { -750 sin(45°) i + 750 cos(45°) j } N
{ -530.3 i + 530.3 j } N

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 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,

FR = { (680 – 312.5 – 530.3) i + (-510 – 541.3 + 530.3) j }N
= { - 162.8 i - 521 j } N
y
FR = ((162.8)2 + (521)2) ½ = 546 N

x
= tan–1(521/162.8) = 72.64° or
From Positive x axis  = 180 + 72.64 = 253 ° FR

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 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. Resolve F along x and y axes and write it in

vector form. F = { ___________ } N y
A) 80 cos (30°) i - 80 sin (30°) j x

B) 80 sin (30°) i + 80 cos (30°) j

30°
C) 80 sin (30°) i - 80 cos (30°) j
F = 80 N
D) 80 cos (30°) i + 80 sin (30°) j
2. Determine the magnitude of the resultant (F1 + F2)
force in N when F1 = { 10 i + 20 j } N and
F2 = { 20 i + 20 j } N .

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A) 30 N B) 40 N C) 50 N
 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL

Q1(2-32) :
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction,
measured clockwise from the positive x axis.
Given:
F1 = 70N
F2 = 50N
F3 = 65N
θ = 30°
φ = 45°

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)

Q2 (2-33):
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction
measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis.
Given:
F1 = 50N
F2 = 35N
α = 120°
β = 25°

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)

Q3 (2-35) :
Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and
direction θ of F1 so that the resultant force is directed along the
positive x' axis and has a magnitude of FR.
Units Used:
kN = 1000N
Given:
FR = 1kN
F2 = 450N
F3 = 200N
α = 45°
β = 30°

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)

Q4 (2.26) :
Member BD exerts on member ABC a force P directed along line
BD.
Knowing that P must have a 960-N vertical component,
determine
(a) The magnitude of the force P,
(b) its horizontal component.

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)

Q5 (2.35):
Knowing that α = 35°, determine the resultant and the direction of
the three forces shown.

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 THE END

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