DIRECT TO HOME (DTH)

TECHNOLOGY
PRESENTED BY
SHAMAL AHAMED P S
EEE, S5
ROLL NO. 40
REG NO. 19031328
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CONTENTS

• Introduction to DTH

• History of DTH in India

• Major DTH providers in India

• Satellite for television broadcasting

• Components of DTH

• Working of DTH components

• Advantages & Disadvantages of DTH

• References
INTRODUCTION TO DTH

• DTH stands for Direct-To-Home.

• DTH television is a wireless system for delivering television programs directly to viewer’s home.

• In DTH television, the broadcasting signals are transmitted from satellites orbiting the Earth to viewer’s home.

• These satellites receive the signals from the broadcast stations located on Earth and rebroadcast them to the Earth.

• The transmission of digital video channel to the subscribers at their home is provided directly through dish.

• For that a dish is placed outside a home which helps in receiving the signals and broadcasting the transmission on
to a television.
HISTORY OF DTH IN INDIA

• The idea of DTH was first provided to India in 1996. But it was not approved then as there were concerns about
national security. But the laws were changed by the year 2000 and thus DTH was allowed.

• According to the rule at that time, DTH providers are required to set up new stations within 12 months of getting
the license. The cost of the license is almost 107 Crores in India with a validity of 10 years for renewal.

• The first DTH service was launched in India on 2 October 2003 by Dish TV owned by Zee. Dish TV acquired
350,000 subscribers within 2 years of the launch.

• The first free DTH service in India, was launched by public broadcaster Prasar Bharati in December 2004.

• India is the largest DTH market in the world by number of subscribers. As on 31 December 2019, there were
69.98 million active pay DTH subscribers in the country. [2] These figures do not include subscribers of free DTH
services.
• As now, In 2020 the government has extended the license period for the DTH industry to 20 years. DTH
operators will now have to pay 8% of adjusted gross revenue (AGR) instead of 10% of gross revenue (GR).
The AGR is calculated by deducting Goods and Services Tax (GST) from the GR.
MAJOR DTH PROVIDERS IN INDIA

• 1. Tata Sky

• 2. D2h

• 3. Dish TV

• 4. Airtel Digital TV

• 5. Sun Direct
SATELLITE FOR TELEVISION BROADCASTING

• SATELLITE
• The satellite should rotate at the same speed as that of the Earth, which means It will take 24 hours to complete one
cycle.

• The satellites are positioned above the Earth at an exact height about 42000km.

• This orbit is known as geostationary orbit.

• All satellites used for satellite TV purposes should be parked in this orbit.
• As of 2018 Dec, No. of satellites in the geostationary orbit is 448. (Theoretical maximum limit is 1800)

The energy required for a satellite mostly comes from its solar panels. However, If the sun is not facing the sun, A battery
pack helps to continue its operations. It is interesting to note that satellites have small engines called thrusters. The
gravitational field experienced by a satellite is not uniform due to irregularities on the Earth’s surface and the presence of
moon and the sun. The thruster produces a very minute amount of force to keep the orientation and position of the satellite
correct.
COMPONENTS OF DTH

• Programming Source

• Broadcasting Centre

• Satellites

• Dish Antennas

• Receiver (Set top box)

WORKING OF DTH COMPONENTS

• Programming source : It is the channel that provides programming or content for broadcasting like any movies,
shows or live matches. The channel beam their signal to rented satellite in the geostationary orbit.

For eg : Consdider the case of this TV channel, CNN. They have a large production facility and keep on producing
content 24/7. The channel needs to be available at the same time on many satellite TV broadcasters. To achieve this,
CNN just beam their signal to their rented satellite in the geostationary orbit. Now the CNN signal is commonly
available at one point and DBS provider can access the signal once they have made a business agreement with the
programming source. Simlarly, The DBS provider collects signals from many such channels.
• Broadcasting Centre : The DBS provider collects signals from many such channels or programming sources.
Broadcasting centre is the central hub of the system which receives all the programming channels from satellite. At
their broadcast center, They club all these contents together and do video formatting like MPEG compression,
Standaedization of bit rate etc. After that the DTH provider beams the signal to their rented transponder in a
satellite. A DBS (Direct broadcast satellite) provider rents many transponders to handle the huge amount of data
they have to transmit. This way around 300-400 channels will be available on a single DTH provider satellite.
• Satellites : The most important part of a satellite for communication purposes is the transponder. The
transponder’s receive signals from the base station at one frequency, amplify the signal, remove any noise and
transmit it back to the Earth at a different frequency.
• Dish Antennas : The last phase in signal transmission is the transimission of signals to the end user. The dish
antenna picks up the signal from the satellite and passes it on to the receivers. You can see antennas of different
frequency bands. For DTH, The Ku band (12-18 GHz) is generally used. These Ku band signals have good power,
which allows a smaller size receiver antenna.
• Here the end user has to angle their dish antenna towards the DBS providers satellite. You might have seen that
for different DBS providers, There are different angles for the dishes. Even if the dishes are all in the same
location. (SAME LOCATION, DIFFERENT ANGLES). This is because the different providers might be using
different satellites for transmitting their signals.
• Receiver (Set top box) : It processes the signal and passes it to the television. It demodulates the received signal
and converts into audio and video signal. The signals received by your dish are encrypted to prevent piracy, and
only a dedicated card in the set top box will be able to decrypt it back.
ADVANTAGES OF DTH

• With DTH service we can get direct television services to our home which can be situated anywhere of the
country.

• As the DTH service is based on satellite and there is not requirement of wires signal like cable TV connection.

• DTH is very useful in the remote locations where the poor quality signal of television which is not possible in
case of cable networks.

• DTH give us best sound and clear picture quality.

• With DTH service we can select the channel programs as our choice.

• In DTH we can pay the subscription fee online through net-banking, voucher recharge or credit card.
DISADVANTAGES OF DTH

• The biggest disadvantage of DTH is that it involves an initial cost for purchase of dish and setup box which is
around 1500 to 2000 rupees whereas in cable there is no such initial cost.

• At such, heavy rain disrupts the signal and affects picture quality. In case of storm, the service might get
interrupted for few hours. It is difficult when you are living at a place where heavy rainfall is common.

• Another limitation of direct to the home network is that the monthly subscription charges are a bit high as
compared to cable network.
REFERENCES

• https://youtu.be/OpkatIqkLO8

• https://www.slideshare.net

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-home_television_in_India

• https://www.circuitstoday.com/direct-to-home-dth-technology-%E2%80%93-working

• https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/137168-Advantages-disadvantages-DTH-services.aspx

• https://www.techulator.com/resources/11889-Disadvantages-of-DTH-Service-in-India.aspx
THANK
YOU