Water Distribution

System
Introduction…

The purpose of distribution system is to

deliver water to consumer with appropriate
quality, quantity and pressure.

Distribution system is used to describe

collectively the facilities used to supply
water from its source to the point of usage.
Requirements of Good
Distribution System...
Water quality should not get deteriorated in the
distribution pipes.
It should be capable of supplying water at
all the intended places with sufficient
pressure head.
It should be capable of supplying the
requisite amount of water during fire fighting.
All the distribution pipes should be
preferably laid one metre away or above the
sewer lines.

It should be fairly water-tight as to keep

losses due to leakage to the minimum.
Layouts of Distribution
Network
 Dead End System

 Radial System

 Grid Iron System

 Ring System
Dead End System...
It is suitable for old towns and cities having
no definite pattern of roads.
Advantages
 Relatively cheap.
Determination of discharges and pressure
easier due to less number of valves.

Disadvantages
Due to many dead ends, stagnation of
water occurs in pipes.
Radial System...
 The area is divided into different zones.

The water is pumped into the

distribution reservoir kept in the middle
of each zone.
Advantages:
 It gives quick service.
 Calculation of pipe sizes is easy.
Grid Iron System...
It is suitable for cities with rectangular layout,
where the water mains and branches are laid
in rectangles.
Advantages
Water is kept in good circulation due to the
absence of dead ends.
In the cases of a breakdown in some
section, water is available from some
other direction.
Disadvantages
Exact calculation of sizes of pipes is not
possible due to provision of valves on
all branches.
Ring System...

 This system also follows the grid iron system with

the flow pattern similar in character to that of dead
end system.

 So, determination of the size of pipes is easy.

Advantages
Water can be supplied to any point from at
least two directions.
 Methods of water
distribution…
1. Gravity system

2. Pumping system

3. Combined gravity and pumping

system
Gravity system…
Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient
height.
Most reliable and economical distribution
system.
Pumping system…
 Treated water is directly pumped in to the
distribution main with out storing.
 Also called pumping without storage system.
 High lifts pumps are required.
 Combined gravity and pumping system
 Most common system.
Treated water is pumped and stored in
an elevated distribution reservoir.
 Then supplies to consumer by action of
gravity.
The excess water during low demand periods
get stored in reservoir and get supplied
during high demand period.
 Economical, efficient and reliable system.
PROBLEMS IN WATER SUPPLY
POLLUTION

Water pollution has environmental consequences that

make water unfit for consumption or use and reduce
water resources. Pollution is thus becoming one of the
main threats to the availability and reuse of water.
Fertilizers and pesticides, soil depletion and poor waste
disposal conditions are detrimental to available fresh
water sources
OVERUSE OF WATER

Inadequate management of water resources, whether it

be for agriculture using - 70% of the world’s accessible
freshwater – industrial activities or domestic use,
causes a lot of wasted water. Considering that we are
wasting more water than ever before, this causes a lot
of stress on the amount of available water resources.
CLIMATE CHANGE

Glaciers and ice packs are melting in some areas,

affecting the freshwater supplies. Moreover, because of
global warming, there are more droughts, floods and
heat waves. Climate change is therefore worsening the
water crisis, especially in regions that are already under
water stress.
GROWING FRESHWATER DEMAND

Over the last 50 years, the world’s population has

doubled and continues to grow. As a result, the use of
water to drink, cook and meet other needs has tripled.
As the global population is expected to boom in the
coming decades, water resources need to be managed
more efficiently
SOLUTIONS IN WATER SUPPLY
Sustainable Water Management

Improving water infrastructure must be a priority, as

water conservation and efficiency are key components
of sustainable water Management. Solar Desalination
and smart irrigation systems are great examples of
clean technology for water efficiency and control. That
obviously even more to the agriculture and farming
sector- the largest consumer of water
Reclaimed Water

Rainwater harvesting and recycled wastewater also

allow to reduce scarcity and ease pressures on
groundwater and other natural water bodies.
Groundwater recharge, that allows water moving from
surface water to groundwater, is well-known process to
prevent water scarcity
Pollution Control and better sewage
Treatment
Without proper sanitation, the water becomes full of
diseases and unsafe to drink. That is why addressing
pollution, measuring and monitoring water quality is
essential
Awareness and Education

Education is critical to solve the water crisis. In fact, in

order to cope with future water scarcity, it is necessary
to radically reform all forms of consumption, from
individual use to the supply chains of large campanies
REFERENCES

• https://www.slideshare.net/bibhabasumohanty/water-
distribution-system

• https://solarimpulse.com/water-scarcity-solutions