Literature in American,

Japanese, and Post War

Period

Week 3
American Period
(1898-1941)

Japanese Period
(1941-1945)
American Period (1898-1941)
American Period (1898-1941)
American Period (1898-1941)

Advancements in education and culture:

• the introduction of free instruction for all

children of school age
• the use of English as medium of instruction in
all levels of education in public schools
American Period (1898-1941)

Founded Schools/ Universities in the Philippines During

American Colonial Period:
American Period (1898-1941)

SHORT STORIES
American Period (1898-1941)
Alfredo
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez Salazar
Julia
Salas
-the first short story written in English

Alfredo
Salazar Julia
Salas
Esperanza

marriage
society
American Period (1898-1941)
So apparently, Pedro
Entrusted you his large Yep.
The Small Key and shiny key to his trunk

written by Paz Latorena

But there’s that small rusty

key in his coat to his old trunk
American Period (1898-1941)
Dodong
Marrying Teang at
Footnote to Youth the age of 17
written by Jose Garcia Villa

Responsibilities as
a parent comes
into play .

Blas asks to marry

Tona at the age of
18.
Which of the following newspapers was
established by Sergio Osmenia in 1900?

a. The New Day

b. The Call of the Nation
c. The Rebirth
d. The Beginning
American Period (1898-1941)

NEWSPAPERS
• El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) - Established by Sergio Osmena
in 1900.T he Americans censored, twice banned and
threatened Osmena with banishment because of his
nationalistic writings.
• El Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) - Established by
Pascual Poblete in 1900.
• El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) - Founded by Rafael Palma in
1901
“Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas” by
written by:

a. Severino Reyes
b. Aurelio Tolentino
c. Carlo J. Caparas
d. Juan Abad
American Period (1898-1941)

PLAYS
• Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and
Tomorrow) written by Aurelio Tolentino.
It depicts the suppression done by the Americans
and their plan to colonize the Philippines.
• Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad
• Malaya by Tomas Remigio
• Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes
American Period (1898-1941)

The Characteristics and Features of

the American Period:
 Zarzuela was popularized
by_____

a. Severino Reyes
b. Lope K. Santos
c. Carlo J. Caparas
d. Juan Abad
American Period (1898-1941)
The Characteristics and Features of the American Period:

1. Zarsuelas
This was popularized in 1893 A new-found
dramatic form was popularized by Severino Reyes
and the old forms gradually vanished. The theme
was no longer about Christians and Muslims but
between Filipinos and Spaniards in the first period
of the American regime.
American Period (1898-1941)
The Characteristics and Features of the American Period:

2. Tagalog Prose Fiction

Some of the well-known works are “Salawahang
Pag-ibig” by Lope K. Santos, “Pagsintang Naluoy”
by Modesto Santiago and “Unang Bulaklak” by
Valeriano Hernandez. Writers of these
prose were emotional; they chose more for
romantic adventures than for flaming issues of
the day.
American Period (1898-1941)
The Characteristics and Features of the American Period:

3. Novel

“Banaag at Sikat,” which was written by Lope K.

Santos, is one of the renowned novels during this
era. The emotional character of each Filipino was
shown in this novel using tents of provinces.
American Period (1898-1941)
The Characteristics and Features of the American Period:

4. Poetry – Remarkable people in this area include

Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia Villa, Angela
Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido, Trinidad Tarrosa
Subido and Rafael Zulueta da Costa. They transformed
not only love poems but nationalistic, spiritual,
evocative and insightful poems too. They penned in free
verse, in odes and sonnets and in other types. Poetry
was unique, natural, expertly written and later, merged
social awareness.
American Period (1898-1941)
The Characteristics and Features of the American Period:

5. Short Story (1925-1941)

The College publications UP Literary Apprentice,

Philippine Free Press, The Graphic, The Philippine
Magazine offered incentives and the short story
prospered during these times.
American Period (1898-1941)

The Three Periods That Emerged

During American Period:
American Period (1898-1941)

1. The Period of Reorientation (1898-1910)

The English language became the language
of literature by the time of American
occupation on August 13, 1898. In 1900, the
English language came to be used as a
method of teaching in the public schools
American Period (1898-1941)

2. The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)

• Different universities such as the UP-College Folio
printed the literary masterpieces of the first Filipino
authors in English.
• They were then scrutinizing their way into
impersonating American and British models which
resulted in a unusual, synthetic, and unnatural style,
lacking enthusiasm, and naturalness.
American Period (1898-1941)

2. The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)

• Their models included Longfellow and Hawthorne,
Longfellow, Allan Poe, Irving and other American authors
of the Romantic
• School Writers of this folio included:
• Fernando Maramag (the greatest editorial author of this
period), Juan F. Salazar,
Jose M. Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro, and Francisco M.
Africa and Victoriano Yamzon. They are
established when it comes to English poetry.
American Period (1898-1941)

3. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)

• By this time, Filipino writers had mastered

writing literary pieces in English.
• They confidently and competently wrote on a
lot of topics although the old-time favorites of
love and youth continued. They explored writing
various forms of literature like the novel and the
drama.
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945
• The Japanese prohibited the use of the English language in
almost all newspapers except the
Tribune, Philippine Review, Pillars, Free Philippines, and
Filipina.
• Before it was managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara, the
weekly magazine Liwayway was placed under
a very strict surveillance
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945

• This period encouraged Tagalog writing. Several literary

works that focused on everyday life were seen and
unaffected by war. The Filipino Literature gained
advantages for its renewed attention because writers in
English turned to writing in Filipino. (e.g. Juan Malaya)
• The guerillas performed oral and written literature using
their satirical and humorous skills. The people who
are fighting against Japanese movement also used
literature as their weapon and means of expression
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945

• The importance of cultural events remains not in the

excellence of output but by the guidepost of the Filipinos.
• Most poems centered on nationalism, love and life in the
barrios, faith, religion, and arts.
• Voice of Freedom, a utmostly-secret underground radio,
served as the only contact of Filipinos with the
outside world.
• During this period, Tagalog was favored by the Japanese
military authority, and eventually influenced and
encouraged the Filipinos to develop the vernacular
literature.
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945

• Movie houses showing American films were closed. It was

latter replaced by stage plays that were translated
from English to Tagalog. Well-known translators at that time
were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio
and Narciso Pimentel
• Filipino literature was given a break during this period.
Many Filipino writers wrote plays, poems, short
stories etc. whose topics and themes were often about life
in the provinces.
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945

POETRY
the themes of Filipino poetry
during the Japanese colonization
were nationalism, love and life in
the barrios, faith, religion, and
the arts
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945
Three Types of Poems that Emerged during the
Japanese Period:

1.Haiku – a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made
up of 17 syllables divided into three lines.
The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables and the third,
five. The haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide
scope in meaning.
2.Tanaga – a poem consisted of 4 lines, each with 7 syllables and
usually has AAAA rhyme scheme
3.Karaniwang anyo (usual metrical form)
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945
The Filipino Drama During the Japanese Period:

A few playwrights and their well-known plays were:

1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote “Panday Pira”
2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote “Sa pula, sa Puti”
3. Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote “Bulaga” (an expression
in the game Hide and Seek).
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote “Sino ba Kayo? Dahil sa
Anak, and Higante ng Patay.
Post War- Contemporary Period
Week 4
Post War- Contemporary Period

The
Recovering
Era
Post War- Contemporary Period

• The Americans returned to the Philippines in 1945.

• The Filipinos were jubilant and the Guerillas who fled in
the mountains joined the liberating American Army.
Post War- Contemporary Period

It is a period when Philippines gained independence from both

America and Japan
Post War- Contemporary Period

• It is the transitional period in Philippine literature from the

American style to the modern style of writing

• The post liberation period was characterized by “struggle of mind

and spirit” posed by the sudden
emancipation from the Japanese rule and the strong desire to
experience the freedom of writing.
Post War- Contemporary Period

• The Filipinos gained more confidence in expressing themselves.

Meanwhile, post war problems in connection to language and
print – like economic stability, the threat of new ideas and
morality-had to be
dealt with side by side.
Post War- Contemporary Period

• The newspapers like the Free Press, Morning Sun of Sergio

Osmena Sr., Daily Mirror
of Joaquin Roces, Evening News of Ramon Lopez and the Bulletin
of Menzi, proved that
there were more readers in English than in any other vernaculars
like Tagalog, Ilocano
or Hiligaynon during this period
Post War- Contemporary Period
• The writers in English dominated the genres of Post-war
poetry and fiction. They educated and trained in writers’
workshops in the United States or England.

• Later on, most of the said writers return to the Philippines

as educators. With their credentials and solid standings,
they influenced the form and direction of the next
generation mainly in accordance with the dominant tenets
of the formalist New Critics of America and England.

• Whether written in English or any of the native languages,

the Philippine novel has remained social-realist
Post War- Contemporary Period

• In the 1950s, the Guerilla

warfare, also known as the
HUKBALAHAP, (Hukbong
Bayan Laban sa Hapon)
was causing problems in the
government, but in the
Magsaysay administration,
they vanished, neutralized,
or were gone.
Post War- Contemporary Period

• During this period, journalists indulged in more militant

attitude in their reporting. Gradually, as peace and
order were restored, the tones and themes of their writings
turned to the less pressing problems of economic
survival
Post War- Contemporary Period

Common Themes of Philippine Literature during the Post

War-Contemporary Period:
1. Romanticism
2. Nationalism
3. Independence
4. Nature
5. Expression of Feelings
Post War- Contemporary Period

Filipino Writers During the

Post-War Period
Post War- Contemporary Period

In year 1946, Ginto sa Makiling, a novel by

Macario Pineda, was published. It is the first
work that appeared after the Second World
War to be recorded
Post War- Contemporary Period
Post War- Contemporary Period
Lazaro Francisco, a famous Tagalog novelist, is described as a
realist with social and moral ideals. The influence of Rizal is
reflective on his work. He produced the following three
novels:

1. “Sugat Sa Alaala” (1950) reflects the horrors of the war

experience as well as the human capacity for nobility,
endurance, and love under the most extreme
circumstances.
2. “Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig” (1956) deals with the
agrarian issue
3. “Daluyong” (1962) deals with the corruption produced
by the American-style and American-educated
pseudo-reformers
Post War- Contemporary Period
Amado Hernandez, the poet who was also a union leader
and social activist, wrote novels encouraging social
change. These novels include:

“Luha ng Buwaya” (1963) (Lumbera) discusses the struggle

between the oppressed peasantry and the class of politically
powerful landlords.

“Mga Ibong Mandaragit” (1969) deals with the domination

of Filipinos by American industry
Post War- Contemporary Period

The prize-winning poet-critic Lilia

Quindoza Santiago, is, the most
comprehensive compilation of
feminist writing in the Philippines
after “Sa Ngalan Ng Ina” (1997)
which was written during the post-
war period
Post War- Contemporary Period

Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez,

also known as N.V.M. Gonzalez, is
fictionist, essayist, poet, and
teacher. He articulated the Filipino
spirit in
rural, urban landscapes

-wrote “Bamboo Dancers”

published in 1959
Post War- Contemporary Period