Graphic expression and communication

Graphic expression
and communication
 Graphic expression and communication

1. An Introduction to technical drawing

Technical drawings must include information relevant for the project

Margins

Title

Project

Author

Date
Version

Scale

Title block
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Graphic expression and communication

2. Drawing materials
Pencil lead: graphite and clay, mixed with oil

Pencil lead hardness:

• Hard: H -- Technical drawing
• Soft: B -- Artistic drawing
• Medium hard: HB

More graphite ⇒ softer lead

More clay ⇒ harder lead

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Graphic expression and communication

2. Drawing materials
Paper:

● Size: from DIN A0 to DIN A5

○ Common: DIN A4 (210 mm x 297 mm)

● Weight (g/m2): More weight ⇒ thicker and

more resistant. Examples:
○ Notebook: 80 g/m2
○ Card / cardboard: 120 g/m2

● Finish:

Shine Matte, gloss

Texture Smooth, textured

Colour White, coloured, transparent

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 Graphic expression and communication

3. Sketches, diagrams and plans

A SKETCH
… is a freehand drawing of the object that
gives an approximate idea of what we
want. Not accurate

A DIAGRAM
… is a more detailed representation and includes
the object’s measurements and an approximate
scale. It can be even a freehand drawing

A PLAN (TECHNICAL DRAWING)

… is drawn using design tools with exact
proportions and use it to scale down or up.
Nowadays, done by computer

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Graphic expression and communication

4. DRAWING TOOLS: MEASURING AND

DRAWING LINES
Measuring
Ruler Drawing lines
Triangle Set square (right-
(right-angle angle scalene
isosceles triangle) triangle)

Protractor or goniometer

Compass: arcs,
circumferences and
transport segments
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Graphic expression and communication

5. SCALE
The ratio of the DRAWING to REALITY Graphic scale

Natural (or life-size) Line on a drawing where each interval

represents a distance in real life
Same size 1:1
A reduction: scaling down
The drawing is smaller than reality
1:2 1:5 1:100

An enlargement: scaling up
The drawing is larger than reality
2:1 5:1 200:1 Scale ruler
Measuring instrument that we use for
→ All the angles are the same but the reading or drawing dimensions on a scale
lines are different yet in proportion. drawing without having to do calculations
Choosing the scale depends on:
- Real size of the object
- The size of paper
- The level of detail needed
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 Graphic expression and communication

8. Viewpoints of an object

The front view The side view

Shows the front of Sh Shows one side

an object.

The plan view → Most of the objects

Is from above have 6 different views, but
for simple objects usually
only 3 views are used

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 Graphic expression and communication

9. Multiview orthographic projection

DIHEDRAL SYSTEM: it is a system for representing (3D) objects based on perpendicular projections on
maginary planes (2D).

1. Projection z 2. Abatement

● In this type of projection, all the projection lines are perpendicular to the projection
plane. It lets us see the real dimensions and angles of the objects we draw.
● We use it to define the objects we want to build or make.
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DIHEDRAL SYSTEM

- The front view usually is indicated by an arrow. It is chosen the view that
provides the greatest possible information.
- The front view is ALWAYS over the plan view.
- The side views are placed upside down: the right view is placed in the left
side and the left view is placed in the right side
SISTEMA DIÉDRICO