Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering Drawing:
Projections
S. P. HARSHA, PhD
PROFESSOR
MIED, IIT ROORKEE
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.
Example
4
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.
Example
5
Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.
Example
6
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.
Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).
Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object. 7
Basic Knowledge for Drafting
Graphics Word
language language
8
What is projection?
It is a process by which images are formed
by rays of light or imaginary lines taken in a
particular direction from an object to a
picture plane.
9
PROJECTION THEORY
10
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.
11
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
12
Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted
13
Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
:
Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
15
Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application
5. Compass 18
Basic Strokes of letter
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved
3 6
3
2
Suggested
Upper-caseStrokes
letters & Sequence
Numerals
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Suggested Strokes
Lower-case Sequence
letters
GOOD
• Vertical plane(VP)
B
• Horizontal plane(HP)
A First angle
D F
Third angle E
PROFILE PLANE
❖ Profile plane (PP) is perpendicular to both HP and VP
❖ Side views are drawn in the profile plane
PP
24
Auxiliary Plane
25
What is a Point?????
28
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
29
30
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
31
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
NOTATION SYSTEM
The notations to be followed are as given:
1. The TV of a point P shall be indicated by p
2. The FV of a point P shall be indicated by p’
3. The SV of a point P shall be indicated by p”
32
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
As ha and da both are (+), the point A is in the first quadrant. Therefore, FV of
the point will be seen above XY at a distance of 50 mm and TV will be seen
below XY at a distance of 30 mm.
33
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the Second Quadrant
Example 2 Draw the projections of the point B, which is 50 mm above the HP
and 30 mm behind the VP.
Solution Given, hb = +50, db = –30
As hb is (+) and dp is (–), the point B lies in the second quadrant. Therefore, FV
and TV, both will be seen above XY at a distance of 50 mm and 30 mm
respectively. This is because when the HP is rotated in a clockwise direction
about XY, the TV on the HP will go up on the side of the FV.
34
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the Third Quadrant
Example 3 Draw the projections of the point C, 50 mm below the HP and 30
mm behind the VP.
Solution Given, hc = –50, dc = –30
As hc and dc both are (–), the point C is in the third quadrant. Therefore, FV will
be seen 50 mm below XY and TV will be seen 30 mm above XY.
35
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the Fourth Quadrant
Example 4 Draw the projections of the point D, which is 50 mm below the HP
and 30 mm in front of the VP.
Solution Given, hd = –50, dd = +30
As hd is (–) and dd is (+), the point D lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore, FV
and TV both will be seen below XY at a distance of 50 mm and 30 mm
respectively. When the HP is rotated in a clockwise direction about XY, the TV
on the HP will go down on the side of the FV.
36
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the HP and Behind the VP
Example 8 Draw the projections of the point H, which is in the HP and 30 mm
behind the VP.
Solution Given, hh = 0, dh = –30
37
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
If the point I lies in both the RPs then it lies at the intersection of the two RPs,
i.e., on XY. Hence, its FV and TV both will coincide on XY.
38
PROFILE PLANE
❖ Profile plane is perpendicular to both HP and VP
❖ Side views are drawn in the profile plane
PP
39
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
SV OF THE POINT
Example 10 Draw the LHSV of the point A, which is 50 mm above the HP and
30 mm front of the VP.
Solution
SV is always drawn to the side of FV. Here, the LHSV of the point is drawn to
the right side of FV, because the point is in first quadrant. X1 Y1 may be taken
arbitrarily at any suitable distance from FV and TV.
40