Name-Sajal Agrawal

Roll no.- 108

Section-D

Molecular phylogeny
 Molecular Basis Of Evolution
• Goal – to reconstruct the evolutionary history of all
organisms in the form of phylogenetic trees.

• Classical approach: phylogenetic trees were

constructed based on the comparative morphology
and physiology.

• Molecular phylogenetics: phylogenetic trees are

constructed by comparing DNA/protein sequences
between organisms.
 Construction of the Phylogenetic tree

• There are two different methods based on which the

phylogenetic tree is constructed.

• Character-based method
1. This method is based directly on the sequence characters, therefore it
is also called the discrete method. The character-based method uses
the aligned characters for constructing the phylogenetic tree.
2. These aligned characters include either the DNA or protein sequences
during the tree inference. The two most popular character-based
methods are:
Maximum parsimony.
Maximum likelihood.
• Distance-based method
• This method is based on the amount of the
distance or the dissimilarity between the two
aligned sequences. In this method of
constructing the phylogenetic tree, the
sequence data is transformed into pairwise
distances and then the matrix is used for
building a tree.
 Types of Phylogenetic tree
• 1. Rooted tree

• 2. Un-rooted tree
• 3. Bifurcating tree

• 4. The multifurcating tree

Mutational changes of DNA sequences
1. Substitution. 3. Insertion.
Thr Tyr Leu Leu Thr Tyr Leu Leu
ACC TAT TTG CTG ACC TAT TTG CTG

ACC TCT TTG CTG ACC TAC TTT GCT G—

Thr Tyr Leu Leu Thr Tyr Phe Ala

2. Deletion. 4. Inversion.
Thr Tyr Leu Leu Thr Tyr Leu Leu
ACC TAT TTG CTG ACC TAT TTG CTG

ACC TAT TGC TG- ACC TTT ATG CTG

Thr Tyr Cys Thr Phe Met Leu
 Synonymous
• Synonymous mutations are point mutations.
• Like a synonym in grammar, the mutated
codon has the same meaning as the original
codon .
• They have no real role in the evolution of
species .
 Non-Synonymous
• They have a much greater effect on an
individual than a synonymous mutation.
• Another way a nonsynonymous mutation can
occur is if the point mutation changes the
single nucleotide into a codon that does not
translate into the same amino acid.
• Sometimes nonsynonymous mutations are
actually positive changes.