Different Generations of cellular

system

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 Introduction-1st Generation
• 1G is first analog based voice oriented cellular systems, which
became available in other countries during the late 1970’s to the
early 1980.
• In USA during 1983,are now referred to as 1G
• However most of the coverage will be devoted on AMPS
technology since all the succeeding generations of cellular
technology have evolved from this earlier technology
• All 1G systems used analog frequency modulation schemes for
transmission of voice messages with 2 separate band for
downlink(from B.S to M.S) & uplink(from M.S to B.S)
transmissions. This type of system is known as ‘Frequency
Division Duplex(FDD)’.
• Also with these 2 separate band, FDM is used to increase system
capacity 2
 Contd…
• The channel spacing was typically set by the
appropriate regulating agency(FCC in USA)
• Identification Numbers(ID) were assigned to
the cellular system(SID) and M.Ss.
• The ID numbers are used to determine mobile
status,,i.e..with in home area or raoming to
perform authentication.

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 AMPS characteristics
• AMPs began its operation in the 800 MHz band.
• The downlink or forward band was from824 to 849 Mhz
• The uplink or reverse band was 869-894MHz
• The channel spacing was set at 30 KHz & each base
station’s transmit & receive frequency was separated by
45Mhz.
• FCC divided AMPs into 2 frequency spectrum band as
‘A’&’B’ , given it to 2 different service providers one of
which is BELL labs.
• This division of geographical area were known as
‘cellular market area(CMA).

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 TYPICAL AMPS OPERATIONS
• To give an insight knowledge about AMPS
cellular system, it is divided into 2 Parts
• 1. An overview of the typical operations
performed by the M.S & B.S
• 2. Brief overview of the operations that occur
between B.S and MTSO

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An overview of the typical operations performed by the
M.S & B.S

• As we know the AMPS B.S uses the dedicated

control channels to send a variety of control
information to idle M.S with in its cell
• And the M.S use the corresponding reverse control
channel to communicate with its B.S in the idle
mode
• Even when M.S is engaged in a voice call, control
signalling information may also be transmitted over
the traffic channel being used by the M.S and B.S

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Fig: AMPS forward and reverse control and voice
channels

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 Explanation of diagram
• The fig. explains the flow of information over these
channels
• The need to transmit “radio link status” signalling
information over active voice channel is facilitated by the
use of Supervisory audio tones(SATs) also known as analog
color codes.
• SAT uses 3 frequency bands of
– 5970 Hz
– 6000Hz
– 6030Hz
These tones give B.S & M.S the ability to keep informed about
each other’s transmitting capabilities and to confirm the success
and failure of certain mobile operations
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• The B.S adds a SAT signal to the Forward Voice
channel (FVC) & thus transmitting it to M.S
• The M.S which acts like a transponder, transmits
the same frequency tone on the reverse voice
channel(RVC) back to the B.S
• If due to any reason either the M.S or the B.S is
captured by an interference, the situation will be
detected by the system due to incorrect return of
SAT and the mobile receiver will be muted.
• A similar function is performed for the
transmission of digital color code(DCC) over the
FOCC by B.S and returned over the RECC by the
M.S 9
• A SAT color code(SCC) may also be transmitted to M.S with
in certain mobile station control msgs.
• Additionally a signalling tone(ST) of 10KHz can be
transmitted over a voice channel to confirm orders and to
signal various requests.
• Sometimes by changing the SAT status, signalling over the
active voice channel is accomplished or through short
bursts of the signalling tone or a combination of both Eg:
The handoff operation makes use of both the SAT and ST
signals to first initiate and then to complete this process.
• Also both FVC & RVC may be used to transmit digital msgs
from B.s to M.S & from M.S to B.S

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• The B.S may transmit to M.S control msgs that
specify orders to the M.S over FVC and inturn M.S
may transmit 2 types of msgs over RVC
• An order confirmation msg
• or a called address msg
• In reponse to this digital msg, the B.S will send
either a digital msg or a status change of SAT
and/or ST signals over FVC
• Voice signals are inhibited when digital msgs are
sent over these channels
• The SAT and ST signals are filtered out of the audio
while delivering to the mobile user.
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 Amps Security identification
• Three identification numbers are used in AMPS
• 1. ESN (Electronic Serial Number): Provided by mobile
phone’s manufacturer & is not able to be altered.
• 2. SID (System Identification Number): It is a 15 bit binary
no. that are uniquely assigned to cellular system by the
mobile service provider.:

• These numbers are exchanged by the B.S or M.S to

determine the status of the mobile…at home or roaming.
• 3. MIN (Mobile Identification Number): It is a M.S number,
34-bit binary no. derived from the M.S’s 10 digit telephone
no. as MIN 1 and MIN 2
• MIN 1: 24 bits, bits are derived from 7 digit local no.
• MIN 2: 10 Bits, Bits are derived from 3 digit area code. 12
 Order messages
• Normally B.S in an AMPs system controls the mobile
phone by sending order messages. Some of them are
• 1. Alert order msg: used to inform the M.S that there
is an incoming call
• 2. Audit order msg: used by the B.S to determine if
the mobile is still active in the system
• 3.The change power order msg: used to alter the
M.S’s R.F output power
• 4. The intercept order msg: used to inform the user
that a procedural error has happened while placing a
call
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 contd
• 5. Maintenance order msg: used to check the
operation of M.S
• 6. Release order msg: used to disconnect call
• 7. The reorder msg: used to indicate that call facilities
are in use
• 8.Send called address order msg: used to inform the
M.S that it must send a msg to B.S with dialed-digit
information
• 9. Stop alert order msg: used to inform a M.S that it
must stop alerting the user
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Fig: AMPS mobile phone initialisation

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 AMPS Initialization
• When the phone is first powerd up, it goes through an initialization
process.
• Task #1: This process allows the cellular phone to choose between
cellular providers ‘A’ & ‘B’.
• Task #2: The second process is the scanning of 21 dedicated
control channels of the selected service providers.
• At the completion of task#2, the M.S will lock on to the strongest
control channel of the chosen service provider.
• Task #3: M.S will be updating the overhead information which are
nothing but the system parameters msgs sent by the B.S.
• If the M.S cannot complete this information in 3 secs, it will go to
the next strongest signal available & attempt to complete the
process in second 3 secs.
• If still unable to complete the task, The M.S will now return task
#1 16
 contd

• If it is successfully completing task 1-3 completely, it will move to next

task
• Task #4 : Here M.S will scan for paging channels and lock on to the
strongest paging channel to interchange certain overhead information.
• Even this process is checked with the duration of 3 secs, if unsuccessful
it will look for the next strongest paging channel and tries to complete
task within the next 3 secs.
• During this task M.S will compare its home SID to that system ID which
it receives through overhead msg.
• If 2 system IDs are different M.S confirms roaming & sets parameters
to allow roaming operation to happen between itself & the system it
is attached.
• If it is unable to update this task successfully, M.S will return task# 1
and starts over.
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 Contd…
• Task #5: If tasks #1-4 are complete, M.S will identify or
register itself with the network by sending its ESN,
MIN and SID numbers over RECC.
• Task #6: These ID numbers will be compared against a
database at the MSC to validate the M.S’s ability to
have roaming status.
• Task #7: Finally B.S sends a control message to the M.S
to verify that the initialization process is completed.
• Task #8: After tasks 1-7 executes successfully ,the M.S
enters into idle mode .
• In idle mode it continuously performs 4 ongoing tasks
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 AMPs ongoing Idle Mode Tasks
• While in idle mode, M.S will respond to continous
control msgs from B.S. M.S must execute each of
these 4 tasks in every 46.3 millisecs.
• Idle mode task1: Respond to overhead information..
M.S continuously receives overhead msgs and in
that it compare the received SID with the last
received SID value, if it is different, M.S enters into
initialisation procedure again.
• If the SID is same, M.S updates the received
overhead info. Once the last task is completed, M.S
responds to all msgs received through overhead msg
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 contd

• Idle mode task #2: Page match

• The M.S must monitor control msgs for page
msgs. If paged, M.S will enter into the system
Access Task with a page response.
• Idle mode task #3:M.S must monitor M.S control
msgs for orders. If the order is received, M.S must
respond to it
• Idle mode task #4: Call initialization
• When subscriber wants to initiate a call, the
System Access Task must be entered with an
origination indication.
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 The basic problems in 1G
• 1. poor battery performance
• 2. Unavailability of channels
• 3. Weak signal strength
• 4. poor hand off

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 2nd Generation Systems
• The ability of these cellular system is to support more than
one user per radio channel through the use of advanced
digital multiplexing techniques.
• GSM, North American TDMA & PDC works with TDMA
technology.
• They also use timeslots to allocate a fixed periodic time when
the subscriber has exclusive use of particular
channel(Frequency).
• GSM uses a transmission format with 8 time slots & therefore
the system can support eight users per radio channel
simultaneously.
• CDMA systems use a digital modulation technique known as
‘spead spectrum’
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 CDMA
• In this system, at the transmitter, each user’s digitally
encoded signal is further encoded by a special code that
converts each bit of the original digital message into many
bits.
• At the receiver the same special code used to decode or
recover the original bit streams.
• The special codes used for encoding /decoding function
have the unique property that each received signal looks
like noise to the receiver that share the same code as the
transmitter of the signal.
• Therefore in CDMA system many radio signals may be
simultaneously transmitted on the same radio channel
without interfering with each other.
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 TDMA & CDMA
• In both CDMA and TDMA, the same radio channel can be
used for control information & traffic, however
• For TDMA systems since both forms of information are in
digital format they can be intermingled with in a data
stream and transmitted by a single transmitter over a radio
link.
• For CDMA systems, control information is carried by
dedicated channel elements & traffic is placed on any
available traffic channel element
• Channel elements are individual transmitters that are all
transmitting on the same frequency channel similtaneously.

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 2.5 G cellular systems
• After the 2G cellular system established their existance,
there was an increase in desire for mobile data delivery.
• Meanwhile because of internet, more & more
telecommunications was becoming computer to
computer oriented.
• In 1993, IBM & several mobile carriers published a
specification for a system called CDPD(Cellular digital
packet data) that could be overlaid on AMPs system.
• It can provide wireless-email access & file transfer
operations but at slow speed around 9.6 Kbps.

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 3G cellular system
• 3G represents a number of cellular systems & their
associated standards that can have the ability to support
high data rate services,
advanced multimedia services(voice,data& video )
And Global roaming
• The standards are facilitated by ITU(International
telecomn union) & other bodies of the world.
• In 1990’s The ITU formed IMT-2000(International mobile
telecommunications-2000) Forum to address the mobile
telecomn needs of 21st century.
• Then worldwide, the evolution & deployment of new 3G
system has started.
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 3G development at global level
• Presently, 3G partnership project(2GPP) & 3GPP2
groups are overseeing these efforts on behalf of the
GSM & CDMA mobile systems stakeholders
respectively.
• Fig: Organisations involved with the dev. Of 3G stds
•

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 3G Characteristics
• It provides high speed data transfer from packet
networks.
• It permits global roaming
• It supports advanced digital service i.e, multimedia
• Able to work in different operating environment
• Vast and keen coverage
• IMT-2000 has defined these various heirarchical cell
structures, their corresponding size, allowed
subsciber mobility rate and minimum supported data
rate as in the fig and table respectively
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3G operating environment

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 3G contd…
• In addtion 3G system must support varying data rates by
providing bandwidth on demand to the subcriber.
• 3G subscriber devices(SDs) or end terminals will be
required to support multiple technologies & frequency
bandwidths
• Have ability to be reprogrammed by their home cellular
systems
• These M.S have dual,tri and quadra bands capabilities.
• Can provide video multimedia support & have
reprogramming features
• Finally it must also support multiple simultaneous
connections, IP addressing & be backward compatible
with 2G networks.
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