DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (EC 6501)

Chapter 2: Data Communications

Lecture 2.7

By
Prof. Santos Kumar Das

12/11/2021 1
Outlines
 CDMA
 Coding Technique: Method 2

12/11/2021 Prof. Santos Kumar Das 2

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Coding Technique: Method 2

 Vectors (codes) are mutually orthogonal

 Vectors will be assigned to individual users
 1 bit: +ve code (v), 0 bit: -ve code (-v)
 Example:
 v = (1, -1) = (v0, v1), v0 = 1, v1 = -1
 User data (d)= (1, 0, 1, 1), transmitted symbol = C = (v, -v,
v, v)
 C = (v0, v1, -v0, v1, v0, v1, v0, v1) = (1, -1, -1, 1, 1,
-1, 1, -1)

12/11/2021 Prof. Santos Kumar Das 3

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Coding Technique: Method 2

 Step 1: Original data (di), Code i, i is the

channel number
 Step 2: Transmitted data or raw data = S = C1
+ C2+….+ Ci +….
 Step3: At receiver = Retrieving or decoding
the original data = S. Code i
 Data 1 (d1) = S. Code 1, Data 2 (d2) = S. Code 2,
…Data I (di) = S. Code i,…..
12/11/2021 Prof. Santos Kumar Das 4
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Coding Technique: Method 2

 Example: For Channel 1 Code 1 is (1, -1) and

data is (1, 0, 1, 1), for Channel 2 Code 2 is (1,
1) and data is (0, 0, 1, 1). i) Obtain the
transmitted data (S) and ii) Retrieve the data
(d)

12/11/2021 Prof. Santos Kumar Das 5

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Coding Technique: Method 2

 Solution:
 Step 1: Original data (d1) for channel one (1, 0, 1, 1), Original
data (d2) for channel two (0, 0, 1, 1).
 Step 2: Transmitted data or raw data = S = C1 + C2
 Channel 1, Code 1 = (1, -1) = v1 = (v0, v1) => v0 = 1, v1 = -1
 Channel 2, Code 2 = (1, 1) = v2 = (v0, v1) => v0 = 1, v1 = 1
 Channel 1, Transmitted symbol (C1) = (v1, -v1, v1, v1) = >
(v0, v1, -v0, -v1, v0, v1, v0, v1) => (1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1)
 Channel 2, Transmitted symbol (C2) = (-v2, -v2, v2, v2) = > (-
v0, -v1, -v0, -v1, v0, v1, v0, v1) = (-1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1)
12/11/2021 Prof. Santos Kumar Das 6
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Coding Technique: Method 2

 Solution:
 Transmitted data (S) = C1 + C2 => (1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1) +
(-1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1) = > (0, -2, -2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0)
 Step3: At receiver = Retrieving or decoding the original data = S. Code i
 For Channel 1, Data 1 (d1) = S. Code 1 => (0, -2, -2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0) . (1,
-1) => ((0, -2), (-2, 0), (2, 0), (2, 0)) . (1, -1) => ((0+2), (-2+0), (2+0),
(2+0)) => (2, -2, 2, 2) => Further decoding => (1, 0, 1, 1)
 For Channel 2, Data 2 (d2) = S. Code 2 => (0, -2, -2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0) . (1,
1) => ((0, -2), (-2, 0), (2, 0), (2, 0)) . (1, 1) => ((0-2), (-2+0), (2+0),
(2+0)) => (-2, -2, 2, 2) => Further decoding => (0, 0, 1, 1)
 Further decoding => All value > 0 = 1, All value < 0 = 0

12/11/2021 Prof. Santos Kumar Das 7

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Coding Technique: Method 2

 Assignment 3
Suppose Channel 1 has vector code (1, 1), and data (1, 0,1,1); and
Channel 2 has vector code (-1, 1) and data (0, 1, 1, 1); and
Channel 3 has vector code (-1, -1) and data (1, 0, 1, 1); and all the
Channels transmits data simultaneously, then check the
orthogonality, obtain the encoded (transmitted data) and decoded
signal (original signal) for each Channel.

12/11/2021 Prof. Santos Kumar Das 8