DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (EC 6501)

Chapter 3: Data Communications

Lecture 2.12

By
Prof. Santos Kumar Das

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Outline
Objective
 (Quality Estimation Techniques:
Hybrid Impairment Based Estimation of OC Quality)
PLIs and PLI Considerations
Optical Crosstalk
Hybrid Crosstalk Model and Computation of Q-Factor
Hybrid Crosstalk Based ON Control Manager
WA Schemes

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PLIs
Linear Impairments Non-Linear Impairments

Chromatic Dispersion
Self Phase Modulation
Polarization Mode
Dispersion
Cross Phase
Modulation
Amplifier Spontaneous
Noise
Four Wave Mixing
In-band/Out-band
Crosstalk
Stimulated Raman
Scattering
Insertion Loss
Stimulated Brillouin
Fibre Concatenation Scattering

Polarization
Dependant Loss

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Optical Crosstalk
Optical crosstalk

Non-Linear
• 1-Cross-Phase Modulation
• 2-Four-Wave Mixing
• 3-Stimulated Raman Scattering
• 4-Stimulated Brillouin Scattering

Linear(component crosstalk)
• Out-band Crosstalk
• In-band Crosstalk
•

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Linear Crosstalk (LC)
• LC arises due to incomplete isolation of WDM/DWDM connection by
optical components such as optical-add-drop-multiplexers (OADMs),
optical-cross-connects (OXCs), multiplexer/de-multiplexer and optical
switches.
• It occur due to leakage of power from other WDM connections on the
desired connection.
• LC: In-band and out-band crosstalk

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Signal with in-band crosstalk

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Four-wave Mixing (FWM) Crosstalk
•  It arises due to variation of refractive index of the fiber with intensity of the
signal.
 Generates signals at new wavelengths

 Results crosstalk and degrades the signal to noise ratio

 Create troublesome for dispersion compensated fiber
 Limit channel capacity of WDM/DWDM system

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Hybrid Crosstalk Model

 In-band Crosstalk + FWM Crosstalk: bit-error

probability (BER)
σ1 and σ0 : Thermal noise
power when “1” and “0”
are transmitted (in-band)

Total noise power due to hybrid crosstalk:

Induced noise power due to FWM:

Optical signal power of the received signal:

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Hybrid Crosstalk Model

Weighting
function:

erf(....) is the error function, σ = σhc, Ith called the detection threshold, Ith = Ids/2,
ρ : detector (receiver)
Ids is the photo current, y = Ids - Ith ,
responsitivity, εk = Pk/Pds is the
Ids = ρPi, Pi is the input power, N: No. of interfering signals (crosstalk),
crosstalk level (relative power) of
Signal amplitude constant: the kth interfering signal to the
desired signal

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Hybrid Crosstalk Model

FWM power: (OC)  p, q, and r: wavelength index number;

d: degeneracy factor, which is 3 for (λp =
λq) and 6 for (λp ≠ λq); Pp, Pq, and Pr :
FWM power: (ON
input powers for the signals with
Link)
wavelength channels λp, λq and λr
FWM efficiency: respectively; L : fiber length;
α: fiber attenuation coefficient; γ: non-
linear coefficient and Leff : the effective
Propagation constant: fiber length. λk is the central
wavelength; λmn = |λm − λn|m, n = p, q,
r; c : speed of light; Dc : fiber chromatic
dispersion; : dispersion slope.

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Computation of Q-Factor
• Based on hybrid crosstalk model

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Hybrid Crosstalk Based ON Control Manager

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Hybrid Crosstalk Based OC Selection Mechanism

O V PNC R equest

N e tw o rk L a y e r

C u rre n t
C o m pu te O V P N C is
O V PNC u n s u ita b le

Bad

P h y sic a l L a y e r

E s t im a t io n o f
O V P N C Q u a lit y

No O V PNC s G ood

R e q u e s t B lo c k e d R e qu e st A cce pte d

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Algorithm

G e t a n O V P N C re qu e st fo r a
s o u r c e - d e s t in a t io n p a ir

C o m p u t e a ll p o s s ib le c o n n e c t io n s ,
a r r a n g e t h e m in s o r t e d o r d e r a n d
t a k e t h e f ir s t c o n n e c t io n

No
B lo c k t h e O V P N C
O V P N C fou n d?
re qu e st

Y es
A s s ig n a n w a ve le n g th u s in g
E s t im a t e Q - F a c t o r o n
E M O B R W A / P IO B R W A /
P IO B F F W A s c h e m e th e O V P N C

S u it a b le fo r No G o for n e xt
O V PNC ?
O V PNC
i .e ., Q -F a c t o r > Q T h?

Y es
G o fo r n e x t
A c c e p t a n d a s s ig n th e O V P N C to th e
r e q u e s t w i th a g u a r a n te e d Q o T /Q o S
O V PNC
R equest

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Existing middle-outer band with random WA (EMOBRWA)
Scheme
 Existing WA assumes equal channel spacing and divides the entire
wavelength ranges of an optical link into three parts such as one
middle band and two outer bands.
 The wavelengths from these bands are assigned randomly to a
connection.

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Proposed Inner-Outer Band (PIOB) WA
Scheme
 It divides the entire wavelength ranges (transmission window) into
four bands such as outer band (OB), complimentary outer band
(COB), inner band (IB) and complimentary inner band (CIB).
 The OB and COB are reserved for the longer distance OVPNC.
However, IB and CIB are reserved for the smaller distance OVPNC.

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Division of Transmission Window in
PIOB WA Scheme
O B C IB C O B
IB

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Proposed Inner-Outer Band (PIOB) WA
Scheme
 The WA is done depending on the distance (d) covered by an OVPNC
and the threshold distance (dthrs).
 dthrs is defined as the average distance covered by the existing OVPNCs
in the network.
 Further the WA in individual bands are done by using either first-fit
(PIOBFFWA) or by random assignment (PIOBRWA) method.

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 C o m p u t e t h r e s h o ld le n g t h ( d th r r s ) f r o m
th e e x is tin g c o n n e c tio n s , Flowchart of PIOB
ta k e a O V P N C a n d its le n g th (d )
WA Scheme

Y es No
d > d th rr s

W A fo r O B a n d C O B W A fo r IB a n d C IB

Is W A fe a s i b le Is W A fe a s i b l e
in O B ? i n IB ?
No No
I s W A f ea s ib le in
No C IB ?
Is W A fe a s ib le
in C O B ?
Y es
A s s ig n w a v e le n g t h Y es No
Y es
fro m O B
Y es
A s s ig n w a v e le n g t h A s s ig n w a v e le n g t h
fro m IB fro m C IB
A s s ig n w a v e le n g t h
fro m C O B

B lo c k t h e c o n n e c t io n

A s s ig n t h e s e le c t e d w a v e le n g t h t o t h e O V P N C

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Network Topology

Bench Mark NSFNet Topology, the number represents the number

of spans, one span is 70km, 10 node, 16 links

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Q-Factor vs. Input power

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OC Blocking Probability vs. No. of Wavelengths per link

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Guaranteed OCs vs. Source-destination Connection Pair

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Blocking Probability vs. No. of OC Requests

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