Osaka University

Public Hearing of Doctoral Thesis

Study on Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fiber

Communication Systems with Phase
Modulated Formats

Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering

Graduate School of Engineering
Osaka University

Mohammad Faisal
12th November, 2009
 Background
Typical fiber-optic transmission system
Laser
Mod.
Optical
Tx Amplifier D
Rx
. E .
M
. M .
Data . U U .
X X
Tx ASE: by amplifiers Rx

Limitations of Optical Communication System

 Fiber loss  Dispersion  Nonlinear effects  PMD etc.

linear effects can be the most serious problems

compensated easily and are not correctable,
but can be reduced

• Impairments like timing jitter, phase jitter ▶ ASE + Nonlinearity

Background 2
 Background
Nonlinear Effects
Kerr effects Scattering effects

SPM XPM FWM SBS SRS

SPM: affects single channel, change of phase shift of optical field by itself

Phase Jitter: Phase jitter

SPM
Signal Amplifier Signal + ASE

θ1 θ2 θ1+θ θ2+θ'
1
1 D Rx
M E
U M
SMF DCF U
X 2
2 X Rx

XPM: affects multi-channel system, change of phase shift of optical

field induced by other copropagating channels
Background 3
 Motivation and Objectives
High speed long-haul multi-channel lightwave communications

OOK Currently deployed (mostly)

Data Why?
FSK (MSK, WSK etc.)
Formats
PSK (DPSK, DQPSK etc.) The most promising

Major SPM
Impede phase modulated
obstacles Phase fluctuations transmission system
XPM

 Investigate the phase jitter in dispersion-managed

transmission systems
Objectives
 Explore the influence of XPM in dispersion-managed
WDM systems
Motivation and Objectives 4
 Thesis Organization

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Transmission Systems

Chapter 3: Chapter 4:
Theoretical Analysis of Phase Jitter Effects of XPM in
in Dispersion-Managed Line Dispersion-Managed
 Phase Jitter in DM Soliton Systems WDM Transmission
 Phase Jitter in Quasi-Linear Systems Systems
(Ref. A-1, B-1, B-2, C-1, D-1, E-2) (Ref. B-3, C-1, E-1)

Chapter 5: Conclusions

Thesis Organization 5
 Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Transmission Systems

▪ Presents different modulation formats and their corresponding merits and

demerits.
▪ Brief discussion on nonlinear effects.

▪ Describes the fundamental theory of optical pulse propagation in fiber.

▪ Variational method is explained.

➢ 2.1: Introduction
➢ 2.2: Modulation Formats for Optical Fiber Communications
➢ 2.3: Fundamental Theories of Dispersion-Managed Pulse
➢ 2.4: Conclusion

Chapter 2 6
 Modulation Formats
OOK ✓ Simple transmitter and receiver
 Low receiver sensitivity
 Vulnerable to dispersion and
nonlinearities
 Intrachannel nonlinearities cause
severe eye closure at high speed
transmission

FSK ✓ Higher receiver sensitivity

 Complex transceiver
 Systems bandwidth increases with Emerging transmission
number of channels
formats for next
✓ Compact spectrum with constant envelope generation spectrally
PSK efficient ultra high speed
✓ More tolerant to dispersion
✓ More advantageous with multilevel coding optical network
✓ Direct detection of differential PSK
✓ More receiver sensitivity
 Stringent requirement of laser linewidth
 Requires precise alignment of transmitter and
receiver center frequency
 Limited by nonlinear effects (phase fluctuations
caused by nonlinear effects)

Chapter 2 7
 Basic Theory for Optical Pulse Propagation
NLSE is the basic equation for pulse propagation in optical fibers.
Variational • Analytical tool to solve NLSE
Method: • Analyze small perturbations on pulse and evaluate pulse dynamics

A pulse can Other pulses Amplifier noise

be perturbed
in different
ways Filters Modulators

Considering fiber loss, amplifier gain and perturbation, NLSE :

u b ( Z )  2 u
i − + s ( ) u = iG ( Z ) u + R ( Z ,T )
Z u
2

Z 2 T 2

b(Z) is s(Z) is G amplifier R is

dispersion nonlinearity gain perturbation

u, Z, T are normalized amplitude of complex electric field, distance and time.

Chapter 2 8
 Dispersion-Managed (DM) Transmission
Za

b(Z) Zb dispersion period

Zb = Za
Za amplifier spacing
b1(Z)
Zb 2Zb
bav Z

b2(Z)
Two-step periodic dispersion map

With periodic dispersion compensation and amplification, NLSE:

U b ( Z )  2U R ( Z ,T )
+ S (Z ) U U =
Where b(Z) is periodic dispersion,
−
2
i
Z 2 T 2
a (Z ) S(Z) is effective nonlinearity which
includes fiber loss, nonlinearity and
u ( Z ,T ) = a ( Z )U ( Z ,T ) amplification, a(Z) is real function

and S (Z ) = a (Z )s(Z )
G ln G
Here, a ( Z ) = a0 exp   0 G ( ) d   , a0 =
Z 2ΓZ a 2
=
  1 − exp ( −2ΓZ a ) G −1
Chapter 2 9
 Pulse Dynamics in DM Transmission Line
Assuming this solution for the NLSE: u(Z , T ) = A(Z ) f ( ) exp(i )

f ( ) = exp − 2 
 2
And considering Gaussian pulse:
 
Pulse dynamics without perturbation can be deduced
by employing variational method

AZ = b ( Z ) Ap2C 2 A pulse
amplitude
pZ = b( Z ) p3C p inverse of
CZ = −b( Z ) p 2 (1 + C 2 ) − S ( Z ) pE0 2
pulse width
E0 is pulse
C chirp
Z = 0 energy
Κ frequency
T0Z = b( Z )
 Z = − b( Z ) ( 2 − p 2 ) 2 + 5 S ( Z ) pE0 4 2
T0 temporal
position

θ phase
Chapter Summary
❑ Phase modulated data formats are prospective
❑ Nonlinear effects limit their performance
❑ Variational method is introduced to study the pulse dynamics in DM transmission line
Chapter 2 10
 Chapter 3
Chapter 3: Theoretical Analysis of Phase Jitter in Dispersion-Managed (DM) Line
▪ Explain the phase jitter mechanism.
▪ Analytical model for phase jitter in DM transmission line has been developed.
▪ Phase jitter in DM soliton systems have been investigated.

▪ Describe the quasi-linear (QL) pulse evolution in DM lines.

▪ Effect of dispersion management on phase jitter in QL systems has been studied.
▪ Upgradation of QL systems have been explored.

➢ 4.1: Introduction
➢ 4.2: Mechanism of Phase Jitter
➢ 4.3: Theoretical Study
➢ 4.4: Analytical and Numerical Simulations for Phase Jitter in DM Soliton
➢ 4.5: Quasi-Linear Pulse Transmission
➢ 4.6: Analytical and Numerical Simulations for Phase Jitter in QL Systems
➢ 4.7: Upgradation of QL systems
➢ 4.8: Conclusion
Chapter 3 11
 Research on Phase Jitter
In 1990, J. P. Gordon and L. F. Mollenauer first discovered the phase noise limitation
in optical communications with in-line amplifiers. (Opt. Lett., vol. 15, no. 23, 1990)
Due to advancement of EDFA, OOK format is dominating. Recently,
phase modulated data formats are attracting huge research attention.

Several related work on phase noise…

A. Demir has studied phase noise in optically amplified DWDM systems considering DPSK and
DQPSK formats. (IEEE JLT, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2002-2032, 2007)

F. Zhang et al. studied nonlinear phase jitter for RZ-DPSK systems. (Opt. Lett., vol. 31, no, 8, 2006)

S. Kumar has investigated phase jitter in quasi-linear systems using perturbation approach.
(Opt. Lett., vol. 30, no. 24, pp. 3278-3280, 2005)

McKinstrie et al. has examined the phase jitter effect in soliton systems. (IEEE J. Select. Topic
Quantum Electron., vol. 8, pp. 616-625, 2002)

Our work:
▪ Evaluate analytical expressions to determine phase noise
▪ Investigate the impact of dispersion management on phase jitter in
▶ DM soliton systems
▶ QL systems
Chapter 3 12
 Pulse Dynamics with Noise
▪ R(Z, T)  The perturbation  Amplifier noise n(Z, T) [ASE noise]

 Correlation function n ( Z , T ) n* ( Z , T ) = N m  ( Z − Z )  (T − T )
Where Nm is the ASE spectral density and is given as,
Nm = nsp h (G − 1) nsp is spontaneous emission factor
hν is the photon energy
Here, G = exp ( 2ΓZ a ) Γ is fiber loss, Za is amplifier spacing
b(Z )
 AZ = p0 ( p0C0 A + 2 A0C0  p + A0 p0 C ) +  RmA
2 m
 pZ = b ( Z ) p0 ( 3C0  p + p0 C ) +   Rmp
2

After adding noise, m

those Six ODEs  

 CZ = −2b ( Z ) p0 (1 + C02 )  p + p0C0  C − 2S ( Z ) A0 A +  RmC
m
(Chapter 2)  Z =   Rm
in linearized form: m Where Rm is the
 T0Z = b ( Z )  +  RmT0 amplifier noise added
m at m-th amplifier
5 2
Z = b ( Z ) p0  p + S ( Z ) A0 A +  Rm located at Z = mZa
4 m
Chapter 3 13
 Analytical Model for Phase Jitter in DM Line
Using these six equations, we obtain 21 ODEs (variances and cross-
correlation equations):
A2 N m ( Z )
Z
2
(
 A = b ( Z ) p pC  A + 2 AC  A p + Ap  A C +
2 3

4 E0 m a 2 ( Z )
)
b(Z ) ApN m ( Z )
 A p Z =
2
(
p 7 pC  A p + 2 p 2  A C + 2 AC  p 2 + Ap  p C +
1

2 E0 m a 2 ( Z )
)
1 Nm ( Z )
T 2
= 2b ( Z )  T0 +  2 2
E0 m p0 a ( Z )
0 Z

 T0 Z
= b ( Z ) ( p  p T0 +  ) + 5 42 S ( Z ) A  A T0
5 2 3 Nm ( Z )
 2
= 2b ( Z ) p  p + S ( Z ) A  A + 
Z 2 4 E0 m a 2 ( Z )
Solving these correlation equations by using Runge-Kutta method

Analytical results for nonlinear phase noise

Chapter 3 14
 System and Fiber Parameters

Parameters Real Unit Normalized

Units
Wavelength λ = 1.55 μm
Nonlinear coefficient of γ = 1.853 W-1km-1
fiber
Fiber loss α = 0.2 dB/km Γ = 6.517
Spontaneous noise factor nsp= 1.5 (NF = 4.3 dB)
Minimum pulse width τs = 20 ps Ts = 1.665
Path-averaged dispersion dav = 0.0 ps/nm/km Dav = 0.0
Amplifier spacing za = 40 km Za = 0.1414
Period of dispersion map zb = 40 km Zb = 0.1414
Peak power P0 = 2.0 mW

15
 Quasi-Linear Pulse Transmission
Characteristics:
❑ Gaussian shaped pulse
❑ Path-averaged dispersion is zero or very small
❑ Local dispersion manages the nonlinearity
Pulse evolution depends on:
▪ Fiber loss
▪ Pulse peak power
▪ Chirp of initial pulse (with chirp or chirp free)
Investigate the phase jitter effect in QL systems
For QL transmission, we have to consider both nonlinear and linear phase noise

 5 2 3  NN m

NZ a
Phase noise variance  2 = 0  2b ( Z ) p0  p + s ( Z ) A0  A + N n ( Z )  dZ +
 2 4 E0 n  2 Ea

Chapter 3 16
 Results for QL Transmission

Solid lines: Analytical

Circles: Simulation

Model (x): 7/-7 ps/nm/km

Model (y): 12/-12 ps/nm/km
Model (z): 17/-17 ps/nm/km

Comments: Dispersion management with higher dispersive

fibers yields lower phase noise

Chapter 3 17
 Results for QL Transmission
Phase noise vs. Dispersion map strength

S = ( −b1Z1 + b2 Z2 )  F
where Z1 + Z2 = Zb
F is FWHM

Comments: Stronger dispersion management offers

lower phase noise
Chapter 3 18
 Upgradation of QL Transmission Systems

Chapter 3 19
 Upgradation of QL Transmission Systems

Comments:
▪ Linear phase noise is considerable but low compared to nonlinear part
▪ Nonlinear phase noise is increasing nonlinearly with transmission distance
▪ Upgradation of dispersion map is possible by attaining lower phase noise

Chapter 3 20
 Eye-pattern of Different Dispersion Maps

▪ RZ-DQPSK receiver
(RZ pulse with 40% duty cycle)
▪ PRBS length 27−1
▪ 20Gsymbol/s

▪ S = 1.22 (Map (a))

▪ S = 4.61 (Map (b))
▪ S = 9.21 (Map (c))
▪ S = 20.0 (Map (d))

Eye-pattern at the receiver end after transmission of 2000 km

Comments: Upgraded maps offer higher values of Q-factor

Chapter 3 21
 Chapter Summary
● Analytical expressions for variances of noise perturbed pulse
parameters have been deduced using variational analysis.

● Numerical calculations have been carried out using split-step Fourier

method and conducting Monte-Carlo simulations.

● In quasi-linear transmission, stronger dispersion management

reduces phase jitter.
● Upgraded dispersion maps can be achieved.

Chapter 3 22
 Chapter 4
Chapter 4: Effects of XPM in Dispersion-Managed WDM Transmission System
▪ Demonstrate the basic mechanism of XPM.

▪ Analytical expressions are deduced using variational method.

▪ Shows the influence of initial pulse spacing between the channels on phase shift.

▪ Also presents the impact of channel spacing and residual dispersion.

➢ 3.1: Introduction
➢ 3.2: Variational Analysis of Pulse Propagation in WDM with XPM
➢ 3.3: Fundamental Mechanism of XPM
➢ 3.4: Impact of Initial Pulse Spacing
➢ 3.5: Influence of Channel Spacing and Residual Dispersion
➢ 3.6: Conclusion

Chapter 4 23
 Motivation and Research on XPM
Phase modulation schemes are prospective for high speed long-haul
multi-channel lightwave communications
In case of WDM, XPM is dominant impairment for phase
sensitive transmission systems

M. Yuki et al. has experimentally studied the effect of XPM in 43 Gb/s single and dual
polarization RZ-DQPSK signals with 11 Gb/s NRZ channels over NZDSF. (OFC2008, OMQ2)
Effect of residual dispersion on XPM and SPM in WDM NRZ transmission system over NZDSF
has been studied by M. Malach et al. (ECOC 2007, P090)
X. Li et al. has numerically explored the XPM-induced effects in RZ-DPSK WDM system with a
particular dispersion management and also studied the impact of residual dispersion. (Optics
Express 2007, vol.15, pp.18247-18252)

 Investigate the basic mechanism of XPM in 2-ch WDM system for RZ pulse
Our Work
Variational method  Analytical technique
Split-step Fourier method  Numerical tool

 Study different transmission models

 Explore different parameters to control XPM effect
Chapter 4 24
 Pulse Dynamics in Two-Channel Transmission Line

We consider RZ pulse Uj(Z, T) (j = 1, 2) where two pulses U1 and U2

interact with each other through only the XPM effect

Assume XPM as a perturbation, i.e., R = −2S ( Z ) U3− j U j

2

U j b(Z )  U j
2

( ) ( )
2 2
NLSE i − + S Z U U = −2 S Z U 3− j U j .
Z 2 T 2 j j

Assume the following solution for the NLSE:

 p 2j 
U j ( Z , T ) = Aj exp − (1 − iC j )(T − T j ) − i j (T − T j ) + i j  ,
2

 2 

Aj pulse amplitude, pj inverse of pulse width, Cj chirp, κj frequency, Tj temporal position, θj phase

Chapter 4 25
 Pulse Dynamics in Two-Channel Transmission Line
Pulse dynamics with perturbation can be deduced by employing variational method
dp j
= b( Z ) p 3j C j
dZ
dC j
dZ
= −b( Z ) p 1 + C
2
j ( 2
j ) − S (Z )
Ej pj
2
− 4S ( Z )
E3− j p j p33− j
 P 5 P 2
− 2 (  )
2
F ,
d (  ) E1 + E2 p12 p22 
= 4S ( Z ) F,
dZ  P 3

d (  )
dZ
(
= b( Z ) p12C1 + p22C2  + p1 p2  , ) 
d j b( Z ) 2
dZ
=−
2
( )
5E p
4 2  
 j − p 2j + S ( Z ) j j + E3− j 2 P 4 + p32− j P 2 − 2 (  )  F
2
 
S ( Z ) p1 p2 
    
2

where P = p + p  = 1 −  2  = p1 p2 (T1 − T2 )
2 2
1 2 F= exp  −   
 P5 
  P  
 2
and E j =  U j dT =  A2j p j Ej is constant pulse energy

2
 E j  j = constant Momentum conservation law
j=1
Chapter 4 26
 XPM Effect in Constant Dispersion Fiber
Pulse phase Dispersion SPM XPM

 j ( Z ) =  j (0) −
1 Z
2  0
b ( )  2
j (  ) − p 2
j 
(  ) d  +
5E j Z
4 2
 0
S (  ) p j (  ) d  +
E3− j Z

 0
S (  ) (
p1 p2 2 2 2
P 5
P 2 P + p3− j)− 2 p 2
3− j (  ) 
2
F ( ) d 

Phase Shift  = 2ch − 1ch = Disp + SPM + XPM

  XPM

SMF

Disp , SPM  0

Chapter 4 27
 Transmission Line Models with Different Dispersion-
Management

SMF DCF
1
1 M
D Rx
E
Model (A) U M

2 X L1 L2 U
X
2
Rx
× N spans

SMF DCF SMF

1
1 M
D Rx
E
Model (B) U M

2 X L1/2 L2 L1/2 U
X
2
Rx
× N spans

DCF SMF
1
1 M
D Rx
E
Model (C) U M

2 X L2 L1 U
X
2
Rx
× N spans

Chapter 4 28
 System and Fiber Parameters

Channel 1, 1 1555.0 nm
Channel 2, 2 1555.4 nm
Channel spacing 0.4 nm (50 GHz)
Bit rate 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s
Duty cycle 40%
Span length 50.31 km
Pulse peak power (10Gb/s) 0.673 mW (−1.7 dBm)
Pulse peak power (40Gb/s) 2.692 mW (4.3 dBm)

Fiber parameters SMF DCF

Dispersion 17.0 ps/nm/km −100.0 ps/nm/km
Aeff 80.0 μm2 20.0 μm2
Nonlinear index 2.5×10-20 m2/W 3.0×10-20 m2/W
coefficient (n2)
Fiber length 43.0 km 7.31 km
(in a span)

Chapter 4 29
 XPM Effect in Dispersion-Managed Line
Pulse locus, frequency shift and phase shift vs. Transmission distance (2 spans)
Model (A)
SMF DCF
1 1
10Gb/s D Rx
M E

2 U M
X L1 L2 U 2
10Gb/s X Rx
× 2 spans

ch1 ch2

T = −150 ps

Comments:
 Complete collisions occur
 No accumulation of frequency shift (κ)
 Phase shift increases with distance
Solid, dashed and dotted curves  Variational
Cross  Numerical
30
XPM Effect in Dispersion-Managed Line
Pulse locus, frequency shift and phase shift
vs. Transmission distance (2 spans)

Model (A)
SMF DCF
1 1
40Gb/s D Rx
M E

2 U M
X L1 L2 U 2
10Gb/s X Rx
× 2 spans

ch1 ch2

T = −150 ps

Comments:
 Incomplete collisions occur in every period
 Accumulation of frequency shift ()
 Phase shift increases with distance

31
 XPM Effect in Dispersion-Managed Line

Phase shift vs. Initial pulse spacing between the channels

So far we have considered

T = T1-T2 = -150 ps
Now we vary T and check
the phase fluctuation

▪ 10 Gb/s +10 Gb/s

▪ N = 40 spans (2012.4 km)
▪ Perfect dispersion compensation

Comments:  Initial pulse spacing between the channels is an important parameter to

calculate phase fluctuation due to XPM

Chapter 4 32
 XPM Effect in Dispersion Compensated Line

Maximum Phase Shift vs. Channel Spacing

▪ 10 Gb/s +10 Gb/s

▪ T is chosen for maximum
phase shift
▪ N = 40 spans (2012.4 km)
▪ Perfect dispersion compensation

Comments:  Phase shift decreases with channel spacing

Chapter 4 33
 XPM Effect in Dispersion Compensated Line

Phase Shift and Pulse Width vs. RDPS for Model (A)

▪ T is chosen for
maximum phase shift
▪ 40 spans = 2012.4 km

Comments:  Residual dispersion per span (RDPS) might be useful to

maintain lower phase shift
 Pulse width broadens widely for larger RDPS
Chapter 4 34
 Chapter Summary

● Basic mechanism of collision-induced phase shift in RZ pulse

propagated in a 2-ch WDM system is investigated.

● Phase fluctuations in different transmission models have been

studied by varying
▪ initial pulse spacing between channels,
▪ channel spacing, and
▪ RDPS.

● XPM-induced phase shift is increasing with transmission distance.

● Phase fluctuation could be mitigated by properly choosing channel
spacing and/or RDPS.

Chapter 4 35
 Chapter 5: Conclusions

Chapter 2: Introduction of modulation formats for optical fiber communications and

description of variational method

Chapter 3:
▪ Derivation of analytical expressions for phase jitter in DM line employing
variational method
▪ Investigation of phase jitter effect in DM soliton systems
▪ Description of quasi-linear pulse properties in DM lines
▪ Exploration of the impact of dispersion management on phase jitter in DM
quasi-linear transmission systems
▪ Investigation of upgradation of QL systems

Chapter 4:
▪ Explanation of basic mechanism of XPM in a two-channel WDM systems
▪ Investigation of phase shift in different transmission models
▪ Exploration of the impact of initial time difference on phase shift
▪ Study of effect of channel spacing and residual dispersion

Chapter 5 36
 Phase Jitter in Optical Transmission System
Phase jitter mechanism Linear and nonlinear phase jitter
Nonlinear
Noise Noise Noise phase fluctuation
due to noise (NL)
Noise

Signal
Signal

Signal

Amplitude Linear phase Nonlinear phase

fluctuations fluctuations fluctuations

 =  L +  NL
= n0 k0 Z + n2k0 Z E
2
(No noise)

 = n0k0 Z + n2k0 Z E + N
2
(With noise)

n0 is linear part of refractive

index, n2 is nonlinear part,
N is noise vector
Chapter 3 12
System and Fiber Parameters (For DM Soliton)

Parameters Real Unit Normalized

Units
Wavelength λ = 1.55 μm
Nonlinear coefficient of γ = 2.434 W-1km-1
fiber
Fiber loss α = 0.2 dB/km Γ = 6.517
Spontaneous noise factor nsp= 1.5 (NF = 4.3 dB)
Minimum pulse width (FWHM) τs = 10 ps Ts = 1.665
Path-averaged dispersion dav = 0.1 ps/nm/km Dav = 1.0
Amplifier spacing za = 40 km Za = 0.1414
Period of dispersion map zb = 40 km Zb = 0.1414
 Results for DM Soliton Transmission
Phase jitter for DM soliton Phase jitter vs. Dispersion map strength

DM model (a): 2.2/-2.0 ps/nm/km

DM model (b): 3.6/-3.4 ps/nm/km

S = ( −b1Z1 + b2 Z2 )  F
Solid/dotted/dashed lines: Analytical
Circles: Numerical Simulation where Z1 + Z 2 = Zb  F is FWHM

Comments Stronger dispersion management yields higher phase noise

By properly selecting dispersion management, phase jitter can be
reduced compared to conventional soliton
Chapter 3
System and Fiber Parameters (For Upgraded Maps)

Parameters Real Unit

Wavelength λ = 1.55 μm
Dispersion 4.0 ps/nm/km (NZDSF)
17 ps/nm/km (SMF)
−96.33 ps/nm/km (DCF)
Nonlinear coefficient (SMF and NZDSF) γ = 1.52 W-1km-1
Nonlinear coefficient (DCF) γ = 5.06 W-1km-1
Fiber loss (SMF and NZDSF) α = 0.2 dB/km
Fiber loss (DCF) α = 0.5 dB/km
Spontaneous emission factor nsp= 1.5 (NF = 4.3 dB)
Minimum pulse width (FWHM) τs = 20 ps
Amplifier spacing za = 50 km
Peak power P0 = 2.0 mW
 XPM Effect in Dispersion-Managed Line (Lossy)

Phase shift vs. Initial pulse spacing between the channels

Fiber SMF DCF

parameter
Fiber loss 0.21 dB/km 0.5 dB/km
Nonlinear 1.26 W−1km−1 6.06 W−1km−1
Coefficient (γ)

▪ 10 Gb/s + 10 Gb/s
▪ 50 GHz channel spacing
▪ N = 40 spans (2012.4 km)
▪ Perfect dispersion compensation

Comments:  Initial time gap a vital parameter to determine phase fluctuation

 Model (C) yields worse result
 Effect of Residual Dispersion on XPM in Model (A)
Model (A): Operating at 10 Gb/s, P = 10mW, T = -150 ps

Walk off can be defined as

Dacc  
woff =
T0

Comments:  Due residual dispersion per span (RDPS), accumulated

dispersion (Dacc) increases along the line, walk off increases
so XPM decreases
Effect of Channel Spacing on XPM in Model (A)
Model (A): Operating at 10 Gb/s, P = 10mW, T (T1-T2) = -150 ps

50 GHz

100 GHz
100 GHz

50 GHz
Effect of T on XPM in Model (C)
Model (C): Operating at 10 Gb/s, P = 10mW