MEASUREMENT

1
 No human endeavor can be called
science if it can not be demonstrated
mathematically.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

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 Learning Objectives
 Use the SI system.
 Use and report measurements carefully.
 Consider the reliability of a measurement in
decisions based on measurements.
 Clearly distinguish between
 precision and accuracy

 exact numbers and measurements

 systematic error and random error

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 Learning Objectives
 Count the number of significant figures in a
recorded measurement. Record measurements to
the correct number of digits.

 Estimate the number of significant digits in a

calculated result.

 Estimate the precision of a measurement by

computing a standard deviation .

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 TOPIC OUTLINE
 Units of measurement
 Measured numbers and significant numb
er
 Prefixes
 Equalities and Conversion
 Problem Solving Using Conversion Factor
 Temperature
 Density

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Units of Measurement

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 Measurement

You are making measurement when

you
 Check your weight

 Read your watch

 Take your temperature

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 Measurement in Chemistry

 Do experiments
 Measure quantities
 Use numbers to report
measurements

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 SYSTEMS IN MEASUREMENT

METRIC (SI) SYSTEM

 A decimal system based on 10

 Used in most part of the world

 Used by scientists and hospital

ENGLISH SYSTEM

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 The SI SYSTEM

 Le Systéme Internationale (SI)

is a set of units and notations
that are standard in science.

10
 Seven important SI base units
(there are others)

QUANTITY SI BASE UNITS

Length Meter, m
Mass Kilogram, kg
Time Second, s
Temperature Kelvin, K
Amount of Matter Mole, mol
Luminous Intensity Candela, cd
Electric Current Ampere, A

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 Some SI derived units

Quantity Dimensions SI Units

Area length × length m2
Velocity length/time m/s
Density mass/volume kg/m3
Frequency cycles/time s-1 or Hertz (Hz)
Acceleration velocity/time m/s2
Force mass × kg m/s2 or Newton (N)
acceleration
Work/Energy force × distance kg m2/s2 or Joule (J)

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Measured Numbers and
Significant Figures

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 Measured Numbers and Significant
Figures

 Measured and Exact Numbers

 Significant Figures in Measurement
 Precision and Accuracy
 Rules in Determining Significant Figures
 Calculations in Significant Figures
 Scientific Notation
 Calculations Involving Scientific Notation

Engr. Yvonne 14
 Measured Numbers

When you use a measuring tool

is used to determine a
quantity such as your height
or weight, the numbers you
obtain are called measured
numbers.

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 Reading Meter Stick
. l2. . . . I . . . . I3 . . . .I . . . . I4. . cm

First digit (known) =2 2.?? cm

Second digit (known) = 0.7 2.7? cm
Third digit (estimated) between 0.05 - 0.07
Length reported = 2.75 cm
or 2.76 cm
or 2.77 cm

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 Known + Estimated Digits

 Known digits 2 and 7 are 100% certain

 The third digit 6 is estimated (uncertain)
 In the reported length, all three digits

(2.76 cm) are significant including the

estimated one

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 Zero as a Measured Number

. l 3 . . . . I . . . . I 4 . . . . I . . . . I 5. .
cm
What is the length of the line?
First digit 4.?? cm
Second digit 4.5? cm
Last (estimated) digit is 4.50 cm
(not to the left or right of .5)
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 Exact Numbers
 Obtained when you count objects
2 soccer balls
1 watch
4 pizzas
 Obtained from a defined relationship
1 foot = 12 inches
1 meter = 100 cm
 Not obtained with measuring tools
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 Learning Check

A. Exact numbers are obtained by

1. measuring
2. counting
3. definition

B. Measured numbers are obtained by

1. measuring
2. counting
3. definition

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Significant Figures in Measurement

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Significant Figures in Measurement

 The numbers reported in a

measurement are limited by the
measuring tool

 Significant figures in a
measurement include the known
digits plus one estimated digit

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 Measurement and Significant
Figures

 When measurement is recorded, all the

known with certainty are given along with
the last number which is estimated.
 All the digits are significant because
removing any of the digits changes the
measurement’s uncertainty

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 Uncertainty of Data

All measurement contain some

uncertainty
 We make errors

 Tools have limits

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 Uncertainty of Data

Uncertainty is measured using

 Accuracy: How close to the true
value
 Precision: How close to each
other

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 Precision VS Accuracy

good precision & good accuracy but

good accuracy poor precision

poor accuracy but poor precision & poor

good precision accuracy

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 Precision and Accuracy
Precision
 Reproducibility
 Check by repeating
measurement
 Poor precision results from
poor technique
 poor precision is associated
with 'random errors' - error
has random sign and varying
magnitude. Small errors
more likely than large errors.
Accuracy
 Correctness
 Check by using different
method
 poor accuracy results from
procedural or equipment flaws
 poor accuracy is associated
with 'systematic errors' - error
has a reproducible sign and
magnitude.
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Methods used to express accuracy and precision

You cant report numbers better than the

method used to measure them
Example
67.2 units = three significant figures

Certain Uncertain
digits digits

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Rules in Determining Significant Figures

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Counting Significant Figures

Number of Significant Figures

38.15 cm 4
5.6 ft 2
65.6 lb ___
122.55 m ___

All non-zero digits in a measured

number are significant.
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 Leading Zeros

Number of Significant Figures

0.008 mm 1
0.0156 oz 3
0.0042 lb ____
0.000262 mL ____
Leading zeros in decimal numbers are not
significant.

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 Sandwiched Zeros

Number of Significant Figures

50.8 mm 3
2001 min 4
0.702 lb ____
0.00405 m ____
Zeros between nonzero numbers are
significant.

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 Trailing Zeros

Number of Significant Figures

25,000 in. 2
200 yr 1
48,600 gal 3
25,005,000 g ____
Trailing zeros in numbers without decimals
are not significant if they are serving as
place holders.

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 Trailing Zeros

Number of Significant Figures

4830 km 3
60 g 1
4830. L 4
60. K ____

If such zeros are known to have been measured,

however, they are significant and should be
specified as such by inserting a decimal point to
the right of the zero

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 Some Other Rules of Zero

Number of Significant Figures

8.0 dm 2
16.40 g 4
35.000 L 5
1.60 sec ____
All zeros to the right of a decimal point and
to the right of a nonzero digit is significant

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 Learning Check

A. Which answers contain 3 significant figures?

1) 0.4760 2) 0.00476 3) 4760

B. All the zeros are significant in

1) 0.00307 2) 25.300 3) 2.050 x 103

C. 534,675 rounded to 3 significant figures is

1) 535 2) 535,000 3) 5.35 x 105

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Significant Figures In Calculations

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Significant Numbers in Calculations

 A calculated answer cannot be more precise

than the measuring tool.
 A calculated answer must match the least
precise measurement.
 Significant figures are needed for final
answers from
1) adding or subtracting
2) multiplying or dividing

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 Adding and Subtracting

The answer has the same number of

decimal places as the measurement with
the fewest decimal places.

25.2 one decimal place

+ 1.34 two decimal places
26.54
answer 26.5 one decimal place

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 Learning Check

In each calculation, round the answer to

the correct number of significant figures.
A. 235.05 + 19.6 + 2.1 =
1) 256.75 2) 256.8 3) 257

B. 58.925 - 18.2 =
1) 40.725 2) 40.73 3) 40.7

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 Solution

A. 235.05 + 19.6 + 2.1 =

2) 256.8

B. 58.925 - 18.2 =
3) 40.7

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Multiplying and Dividing

Round (or add zeros) to the calculated

answer until you have the same
number of significant figures as the
measurement with the fewest
significant figures.

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 Learning Check

A. 2.19 X 4.2 =
1) 9 2) 9.2 3) 9.198

B. 4.311 ÷ 0.07 =
1) 61.58 2) 62 3) 60

C. 2.54 X 0.0028 =
0.0105 X 0.060
1) 11.3 2) 11 3) 0.041

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Scientific Notation

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 Scientific Notation

 can be used to clearly express significant figures.

A properly written number in scientific notation

always has the proper number of significant
figures

0.00321 = 3.21 x 10-3 (three significant figures)

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51
52
A typical number in notation

Z x 10m

Where:
Z = coefficient
x = multiplication sign
10 = base
m = exponent

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 Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation

 Addition and Subtraction

 Multiplication
 Division

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 Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation

Addition and Subtraction of Exponential

Numbers
 Two numbers in scientific notation can only

be added or subtracted if both expressions

have the same exponent.
 The coefficient are then added or

subtracted while the exponent remains the

same.

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 Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation

Addition and Subtraction of Exponential

Numbers

7.2 x 107 7.2 x 107

+ 2.1 x 108 + 21.0 x 107
28.2 x 107

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 Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation

Multiplication of Exponential Numbers

 In multiplying two numbers in

exponential form, the coefficients

themselves are multiplied and the
exponents are added.

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 Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation

Multiplication of Exponential Number

(3.4 x 103) x (2.2 x 105) = 7.48 x 108

or rounded
to
7.5 x 108

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 Calculations Involving Scientific
Notation

Division of Exponential Numbers

 To divide exponential numbers,

divide the coefficients and subtract

the exponents.

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 Calculations Involving Scientific Notation

Division of Exponential Numbers

7
3.35 x10
5
 2.99 x10 2

1.12 x10

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 Calculations Involving Scientific Notation

Division of Exponential Numbers

 The negative exponent means, the coefficient is

divided by the number of 10’s

 The exponential part of a number can be moved

from the numerator or denominator and vice

versa by simply changing the sign of the
exponent.

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Calculations Involving Scientific Notation

Division of Exponential Numbers

1 3 1
6
 10 6
or 10  3
10 10

Example

1.9 x10 3
1.9 x10 x10
3 2

  0.9 x10 or 9.0 x10

5 4

2.1x10 2
2.1

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 Some Metric Equalities

Length
1m = 100 cm

Mass
1 kg = 1000 g

Volume
1L = 1000 mL

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 Some American Equalities

1 ft = 12 inches

1 lb = 16 oz

1 quart = 2 pints

1 quart = 4 cups
The quantities in each pair give the same
measured amount in two different units.

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Some Metric-American Equalities

1 in. = 2.54 cm
1 qt = 946 mL
1L = 1.06 qt
1 lb = 454 g
1 kg = 2.20 lb
Remember these for exams.

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Problem Solving Using
Conversion Factors

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 Initial and Final Units

1. A person has a height of 2.0 meters. What is

that height in inches?
Initial unit = m Final unit = _______
2) Blood has a density of 0.05 g/mL. If a person
lost 0.30 pints of blood at 18°C, how many
ounces of blood would that be?
Initial = pints Final unit = _______

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How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?

Initial unit
2.5 hr
Conversion Final
factor unit
2.5 hr x 60 min = 150 min
1 hr

cancel Answer (2 SF)

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 Learning Check

A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How

long is the snake in cm?

1) 2440 cm
2) 244 cm
3) 24.4 cm

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 Unit Check

What is wrong with the following setup?

1.4 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 sec

24 hr 1 hr 1 min

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 Unit Check

1.4 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 sec

24 hr 1 hr 1 min

Units = day2 sec/hr2 Not the final unit

needed

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 Learning Check

An adult human has 4650 mL of blood. How

many gallons of blood is that?

Unit plan: mL qt gallon

Equalities: 1 quart = 946 mL

1 gallon = 4 quarts

Your Setup:

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 Solution

Unit plan: mL qt gallon

Setup:
4650 mL x 1 qt x 1 gal = 1.23 gal
946 mL 4 qt

3 SF 3 SF exact 3 SF

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 Steps to Problem Solving

 Read problem
 Identify data
 Write down a unit plan from the initial unit
to the desired unit
 Select conversion factors
 Change initial unit to desired unit
 Cancel units and check
 Do math on calculator
 Give an answer using significant figures

91
 Learning Check

If the ski pole is 3.0 feet in length,

how long is the ski pole in mm?

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 Solution

3.0 ft x 12 in x 2.54 cm x 10 mm = 910 mm

1 ft 1 in. 1 cm

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 Learning Check

If your pace on a treadmill is 65 meters

per minute, how many seconds will it
take for you to walk a distance of 8450
feet?

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 Solution

Initial
8450 ft x 12 in. x 2.54 cm x 1 m
1 ft 1 in. 100 cm

x 1 min x 60 sec = 2400 sec

65 m 1 min
final (2 SF)

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Measuring Temperature

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 Temperature

 Particles are always moving.

 When you heat water, the water molecules
move faster.
 When molecules move faster, the
substance gets hotter.
 When a substance gets hotter, its
temperature goes up.

97
 Temperature

 Measures the hotness or coldness of an

object
 Determined by using a thermometer that
contains a liquid that expands with heat
and contracts with cooling.

98
 Temperature Scales

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

Water boils
_____°F _____°C ______K

Water freezes
_____°F _____°C ______K

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 Temperature Scales

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

Water boils 212°F 100°C 373 K

Water freezes 32°F 0°C 273 K

100
Units of Temperature between Boiling
and Freezing

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

Water boils 212°F 100°C 373 K

180°F 100°C 100K

Water freezes 32°F 0°C 273 K

101
 Fahrenheit Formula

180°F = 9°F = 1.8°F

100°C 5°C 1°C

Zero point: 0°C = 32°F

°F = 9/5 T°C + 32
or
°F = 1.8 T°C + 32

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 Celsius Formula

Rearrange to find T°C

°F = 1.8 T°C + 32
°F - 32 = 1.8T°C ( +32 - 32)
°F - 32 = 1.8 T°C
1.8 1.8
°F - 32 = T°C
1.8
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 Kelvin Scale

On the Kelvin Scale

1K = 1°C

0 K is the lowest temperature

0K = - 273.15°C

K °C

K = °C + 273.15

104
Kelvin and Rankine Formula

Kelvin

K = T°C + 273.15

Rankine
R = T°F + 460

105
Temperature Conversions

A person with hypothermia has a body

temperature of 29.1°C. What is the body
temperature in °F?
°F = 1.8 (29.1°C) + 32
exact tenth's exact

= 52.4 + 32
= 84.4°F
tenth’s

106
 Learning Check

The normal temperature of a chickadee is

105.8°F. What is that temperature in °C?
1) 73.8 °C
2) 58.8 °C
3) 41.0 °C

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 Solution

3) 41.0 °C
Solution:
°C = (°F - 32)
1.8
= (105.8 - 32)
1.8
= 73.8°F
1.8° = 41.0°C

108
 Learning Check

Pizza is baked at 455°F. What is that in

°C?
1) 437 °C
2) 235°C
3) 221°C

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 Solution

Pizza is baked at 455°F. What is that in °C?

2) 235°C
(455 - 32) = 235°C
1.8

110
 Learning Check

On a cold winter day, the temperature

falls to -15°C. What is that
temperature in R?
1) 479 R
2) 519 R
3) 465 R

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 Solution

3) 465 R
Solution:
°C → °F
°F = 1.8(-15°C) + 32
= -27 + 32
= 5°F
°F → R
R = 5°F + 460
R = 465 R

112
 Learning Check

What is normal body temperature of

37°C in Kelvin?
1) 236 K
2) 310 K
3) 342 K

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Density

115
 Density

Density compares the mass of an object to

its volume

D = mass = g or g
volume mL cm3

Note: 1 mL = 1 cm3

116
 Learning Check

Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its

density in g/cm3 if 50.00 g of the metal
occupies
a volume of 2.22cm3?

1) 2.25 g/cm3
2) 22.5 g/cm3
3) 111 g/cm3

117
 Volume Displacement

A solid displaces a matching volume of

water when the solid is placed in water.

33 mL
25 mL

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 Solution

2) 6 g/cm3
Volume (mL) of water displaced
= 33 mL - 25 mL = 8 mL
Volume of metal (cm3)
= 8 mL x 1 cm3 = 8 cm3
1 mL
Density of metal =
mass = 48 g = 6 g/cm3
volume 8 cm3
121
 Learning Check

Which diagram represents the liquid layers in the

cylinder?
(K) Karo syrup (1.4 g/mL), (V) vegetable oil (0.91
g/mL), (W) water (1.0 g/mL)
1) 2) 3)

V W K
W K V
K V W

122
 Solution

(K) Karo syrup (1.4 g/mL), (W) water (1.0

g/mL), (V) vegetable oil (0.91 g/mL)

1)

V
W
K

123
Density as Conversion Factors

A substance has a density of 3.8 g/mL.

Density = 3.8 g/mL

Equality 3.8 g = 1 mL

Conversion factors.
3.8 g and 1 mL
1 mL 3.8 g
124
 Density Connections

Mass Volume

kg L

g mL (cm3)

mg
125
 Learning Check

The density of octane, a component of

gasoline, is 0.702 g/mL. What is the
mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?

1) 0.614 kg

2) 614 kg

3) 1.25 kg

126
 Solution

1) 0.614 kg
Unit plan: mL  g  kg
Equalities: 1 mL = 0.702 g and 1 kg = 1000 g

Setup:
875 mL x 0.702 g x 1 kg = 0.614 kg
1 mL 1000 g
density metric
factor factor

127
 Learning Check

If blood has a density of 1.05 g/mL,

how many liters of blood are donated
if 575 g of blood are given?

1) 0.548 L
2) 1.25 L
3) 1.83 L

128
 Solution

1)
Unit Plan: g mL L

575 g x 1 mL x 1L = 0.548 L
1.05 g 1000 mL

129
 Learning Check

A group of students collected 125 empty

aluminum cans to take to the recycling
center. If 21 cans make 1.0 pound of
aluminum, how many liters of aluminum
(D=2.70 g/cm3) are obtained from the
cans?

1) 1.0 L 2) 2.0 L 3) 4.0 L

130
 Solution

1) 1.0 L

125 cans x 1.0 lb x 454 g x 1 cm3

21 cans 1 lb 2.70 g

x 1 mL x 1 L = 1.0 L
1 cm3 1000 mL

131
 Learning Check

You have 3 metal samples. Which one will

displace the greatest volume of water?
1 2 3

25 g Al 45 g of gold 75 g of Lead
2.70 g/mL 19.3 g/mL 11.3 g/mL

Discuss your choice with another student.

132
 Solution

1)25 g Al x 1 mL = 9.2 mL
2.70 g

25 g Al
2.70 g/mL

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THANKS FOR LISTENING

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