INSTITUTE - UIE

DEPARTMENT- ACADEMIC
UNIT-1
Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science &
Engineering)
Disruptive Technologies – I
Prepared By: Dr. Amandeep Sharma

ChatBots DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 ChatBots

Course Outcome
CO Title Level
Number
CO1 Grasp the characteristics of disruptive technologies and Remember
understand building blocks of artificial intelligence, data science  
and cloud computing.
CO2 Develop simple intelligent system using available tools and Understand
techniques of AI to analyze and interpret domain knowledge.  
CO3 Build effective data visualizations, and learn to work with data Apply
through the entire data science process.
CO4 Deploy, build, and monitor cloud-based applications. Analyze and
evaluate
CO5 Work in a team that can propose, design, implement and report on Create
their selected domain.
Introduction
• Chat Bot: A computer program that can talk to humans in natural
language!
• Uses Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) to represent
knowledge.
• Can replace a human for monotonous jobs of answering queries, e.g.
E-help desk.
How It All Started
• Eliza – the first chat bot made by Joseph Weizenbaum.
• Eliza Effect
• tendency of humans to attach associations to terms from prior experience.
• Working of Eliza is based on
• Knowledge Representation
• Pattern Recognition
• Substitution of key words into known phrases.
How does it respond

• Looks for certain patterns of words in the user's input.

• Replies with pre-determined output, if the pattern is matched.
• Needs to have an idea of what the user will chat
• Has suitable responses defined in the AIML file
Architecture of a Chat Bot

Responder

AIML Interpreter

AIML Objects

A Chat Bot
Knowledge Representation

• Types of AIML objects

• Topics
• Categories
• E.g. :
<aiml>
<topic name=“the topic” >
<category>
<pattern>PATTERN</pattern>
<that>THAT</that>
<template>TEMPLATE</template>
</category>
</topic>
</aiml>
Example AIML Object

• AIML Object <category>

<category>
<pattern>HELLO</pattern>
<template>Hi there!</template>
</category>
<pattern>YES</pattern>
<that>DO YOU LIKE MOVIES</that> <template>What
is your favorite movie?</template>
</category>

• Chat Sequence Chat Bot: Do you like Movies?

User: Hello!
User: Yes
Chat Bot: Hi There!
Chat Bot: What is your favorite movie
Topics and Categories

• Topic: an optional top-level element that contains category elements

• Category: consists of an input question (pattern) and an output answer
(template)
• Types of Categories
• Atomic Category
• Default Category
• Recursive Category
Atomic Category
•Contains patterns that does not have wildcards
“*” or “_”.
•Example:

• Conversation:

<category>
<pattern>10 DOLLARS</pattern>
<template> wow, what a cheap </template>
</category>

User: This watch is for 10 dollars

Chat Bot: Wow, what a cheap watch!
Default Category

• Contains patterns that have wildcards “*” or “_”.

• Example: <category>
<pattern>10 *</pattern> <template> It is
ten.</template>
</category>

• Conversation: User: 10 dollars.

Chat Bot: It is ten.
Recursive category
• Template calls the pattern matcher recursively
• Uses <srai> tag, that stands for symbolic recursion artificial intelligence
• For example,
In English there are different ways to ask about X:
Describe x?
Tell me about X?
Do you know what X is?
The knowledge is stored in the simplest way.
Whatever the question is, it will be reduced to category like <What is>.
Input normalization
• Substitution normalizations
Abbreviations such as "Mr." may be spelled out as "Mister" to avoid sentence-splitting at the
period in the abbreviated form.
• Sentence-splitting normalizations
Rule: break sentences at periods. It relies upon substitutions performed
in the substitution phase.
• Pattern-fitting normalizations
Remove all characters that are not normal characters; like converting lowercase letters to
uppercase .
Example
<category> <category>
<pattern>HELLO</pattern> <pattern>WHAT IS 2 *</pattern>
<template> <random> <template><random>
<li>Well hello there!</li> <li>Two.</li>
<li>Hi there!</li> <li>Four.</li>
<li>Hi there. I was just wanting to talk</li> <li>Six.</li>
<li>Hello there !</li> <li>12.</li>
</random></template></category> </random></template></category>

<category> <category>
<pattern>_ WHAT IS 2 AND 2</pattern> <pattern>HALO</pattern>
<template> <template>
<sr/><srai>WHAT IS 2 AND 2</srai> <srai>HELLO</srai>
</template> </template>
</category> </category>
 Question : Halo, What is 2 and 2

_ What is 2 and 2

</sr>
<srai> WHAT IS 2 AND 2 </srai>
HALO
WHAT IS 2 AND *
HELLO
WHAT IS 2 *
Well hello there!
Hi there! Two
Hi there. I was just Four
wanting to talk. Six
Hello there ! 12

Answer : Hi There! Six

Graph-master – an example interpreter

• AIML interpreter: tries to match word by word to obtain the largest

pattern matching which is the best one.
• Graph-master: an interpreter that models this behavior
• Contains a set of nodes called Node-mappers .
• Node-Mappers : map branches from each node where branches
represent the first words of all patterns.
• Each leaf node contains a template.
Flowchart for Pattern Matching

yes
Search sub-graph Try all remaining
Node-mapper yes
rooted at child suffixes of input Match?
Contains ‘_’?
node linked by ‘_’ following ‘X’
no
no

Search sub-graph
Node-mapper yes rooted at child yes
Match?
Contains ‘X’? node linked by ‘X’
using input ‘tail’
no no

yes Search sub-graph Try all remaining

Node-mapper yes
rooted at child suffixes of input Match?
Contains ‘*’?
node linked by ‘*’ following ‘X’
Some Observations

• Priority order at every node:

• ‘_’ wildcard, followed by
• an atomic word, followed by
• ‘*’ wildcard .
• Patterns need not be ordered alphabetically
• The matching is word-by-word, not category-by-category
• Highly restricted form of depth-first search
Turing Test

• Alan Turing proposed the Turing Test as a replacement for the question
“Can machines think?”
• Turing's aim is to provide a method to assess whether or not a machine
can think.
• The test
• A man (A), a woman (B) and an interrogator (C) chat.
• The objective of the interrogator is to determine which of the other two is the
woman
• If a machine (bot) chats instead of A or B and fools the interrogator, it has
passed the Turing test.
Can It Answer All My Questions?

• A Chat Bot has a limited number of patterns and responses.

• The AIML structure supports regular expressions
• In AIML, you can define recursive categories.
• The bot may sometimes give funny replies, but that depends on the
AIML spec, i.e. Its brain!
How to build a bot of your own
• Components – An AIML Object Spec, AIML interpreter, and a
responder!
• A Chat Bot represents and models a character.
• The brain is the AIML file, that defines patterns and corresponding
replies
• A bot can be trained to be an Expert System about a special theme –
large data!
• Training data – Yahoo Chat!
What is a Chat Bot useful for?

• Commercial chatter bots to help customers

• At web-shops and e-commerce sites.
• Bots to receive complaints from users, online
• An interactive (talking) encyclopedia.
• Chatter bots administrating IRC-channels and Hotline server.
• The Psychiatrist – the famous pronoun reversal trick
• Starship Titanic, a game created by the famous writer Douglas Adams
along with Terry Jones
Questions We Answered
A Chat Bot…

• What is it? Who wants it? Why?

• Since when is it around?
• How does it work?
• How do you test it?
• Can it answer all my questions?
• Can I make one of my own?
• Where can I put it to work?
Clarifications

• How powerful is JavaCC-built parser?

• As long as one can use JavaCC's look-ahead specification to guide the parsing where the LL(1) rules are
not sufficient, JavaCC can handle any grammar that is not left-recursive.
• Powerful than a yacc generated parser?
• AIML is connected to a system that allows for learning new patterns and putting them into a context
• Context sensitive
• Learning ?
• Dialogue Corpora can be used to train a Chatbot! (See References)
• Intelligent?
• Even Turing tests have different levels and yet cannot finally decide whether the system is intelligent
or not. Nowadays a system is considered to be intelligent if it is able to mimic intelligent behaviour
(e.g. within a specified domain).
References

• The Anatomy of A.L.I.C.E.: Dr. Richard S. Wallace, http://www.alicebot.org/anatomy.html

• Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML), A.L.I.C.E. AI Foundation,
http://alicebot.org/TR/2001/WD-aiml/
• AIML Interpreter Overview 2004, http://www.aimlbots.com/en/aiml-interpreters.html
• Computing machinery and intelligence, Alan Turing [1950],
http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm
• Using Dialogue Corpora to Train a Chatbot (Bayan Abu Shawar, Eric Atwell)
http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/andyr/research/papers/techreport2003_02.pdf
Project Proposal

• Extension to Chat Bot, that will reply emails

• Will maintain a chat session in terms of email-session-id
• Can be useful for auto replying to emails that have a common reply,
related to the question in the email
THANK YOU

For queries
Email: amandeep.ece@cumail.in