CHAPTER 4:

MODELLING A CASTING OR
FORGING OBJECTS
MEC 132 – ENGINEERING DRAWING

MEC132: CHAPTER 4 1
CONTENTS
• 4.1 CAD in general
• 4.1.1 Modelling and communication in drawing
• 4.2 Sketching in solid modelling
• 4.2.1 Stages in sketching
• 4.2.2 Terminology in sketching
• 4.2.3 Establish sketch relations between pieces of geometry
• 4.2.4 Drawing sketches using the sketch tools
• 4.2.5 Editing & modifying sketches
• 4.3 Basic part modelling
• 4.3.1 Stages in part modelling
• 4.3.2 Terminology in part modelling
• 4.3.3 Profile and sketch plane
MEC132: CHAPTER 4
• 4.3.4 Features in part modelling
• 4.3.5 Multiple objects
• 4.3.6 Editing & modifying part modelling
• 4.4 Part symmetry
• 4.4.1 Symmetry in the sketch
• 4.4.2 Body symmetry and thin features
• 4.4.3 Symmetry issues in the drawing
• 4.5 Patterning and library features
• 4.5.1 Type of patterns
• 4.5.2 Inserting a library features
• 4.5.4 Patterning faces
2
COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING
Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) is where we produce our orthographic and
3D drawings using a computer software package. CAD has many
advantages and disadvantages over traditional drawing on a drawing board
with a pencil. Below is an example of a CAD drawing.

This graphic shows an

example of a 3D drawing
which was created as a
line drawing and then
rendered.
 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

•Drawings are more Accurate

•Ease of modification / edit drawings
•Standardisation of drawings
•Drawings can be sent over large distances using e-mail.
•Ability to use a library of commonly used
shapes/drawings.
COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

•Initial cost of hardware and software

•Need to re-train staff
•Computers may crash and drawings are lost
•Security of files; files may be hacked
•Need to update software
Objective of CAD
◦ Apply computers to both modeling and communication of designs
◦ Basic level use computers to automate or assist in tasks such as drawings, diagrams, parts list, BOM
◦ Advanced level provide new techniques to assist designer in the process of design
Graphic Communications – Drawings

Production / Working drawings

•Detail drawing
•Assembly Drawing
•Bill of Materials (sometimes on Assembly)
•Layout (sketch)
CAD system Architecture
◦ Hardware
◦ Computer and peripherals
◦ Software
◦ Programs running on hardware
◦ Data
◦ Data structure created and manipulated by the software
◦ Human knowledge and activities
Why solid modeling?
◦ Recall weakness of wireframe and surface modeling
◦ Ambiguous geometric description
◦ Incomplete geometric description
◦ Lack topological (study of shapes) information
◦ Tedious modeling process
◦ Awkward user interface
Solid model
◦ Solid modeling is based on complete, valid and unambiguous geometric representation of physical object.
◦ Complete  points in space can be classified.(inside/ outside)
◦ Valid vertices, edges, faces are connected properly.
◦ Unambiguous  there can only be one interpretation of object
 Solid model representation
schemes

1. Constructive solid geometry (CSG)

2. Boundary representation (B-rep)
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)
◦ Objects are represented as a combination of simpler solid objects
(primitives).
◦ The primitives are such as cube, cylinder, cone, torus, sphere etc.
◦ Copies or “instances” of these primitive shapes are created and
positioned.
◦ A complete solid model is constructed by combining these
“instances” using set specific, logic operations (Boolean)
CSG - Boolean Operation
◦ Union
◦ The sum of all points in each of two defined sets. (logical “OR”)
◦ Also referred to as Add, Combine, Join, Merge

A B
AB
Boundary representation
(B-Rep)
◦ Solid model is defined by their enclosing surfaces or boundaries. This technique consists of the geometric information about
the faces, edges and vertices of an object with the topological data on how these are connected.
B-Rep data structure
v5

f3 f2 E3
E4
E1 v4 E7
f4 v3
f5 E2 E6
E8 f1
v1
E5 v2
 [2]
[1]

Sketching in 3-D
Solid Modelling

[3]

[1] http://www.soliddna.com/SEcommunity/page/Solid%20Edge%20Wiki/Home.html/_/solid-edge-wiki/solid-modeling/parttips
[2] http://www.ellenfinkelstein.com/acadblog/tutorial-convert-a-3d-solid-to-a-3-view-2d-drawing-in-model-space/
[3] http://www.soliddna.com/SEcommunity/page/Solid%20Edge%20Wiki/Home.html/_/solid-edge-wiki/solid-modeling/pattern
 extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

Drafting
line . 500 . 250

2. 000 dim’s
1. 000
between
views
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

RJE Engineering, Inc.

NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF 1
extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

line . 500 . 250

Detail Part Drawing

2. 000 dim’s
1. 000
between
views
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

RJE Engineering, Inc.

NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF 1
extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

line . 500 . 250

2. 000 dim’s
1. 000
between
views
title block filled in
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

RJE Engineering, Inc.

NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF 1
extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

line . 500 . 250

2. 000 dim’s
1. 000
between
viewshere
revisions added
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

RJE Engineering, Inc.

NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF 1
extension ZONE REV.
REVISIONS

DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

line . 500 . 250

2. 000 dim’s
1. 000
between
views
1. 250

dimension
1. 000
line
R. 125
. 500
R. 250

mfg. process notes

RJE Engineering, Inc.
NAME DATE

DRAWN 4/5/03
CHECKED

Support Bracket
ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

0.875 countersink – 2 holes MATERIAL

--
Q.A.

COMMENTS:
FINISH
NEXTASSY USED ON -- SIZE DWG. NO. REV.
A 12345-001 01
APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
SCALE:1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF 1
Assembly Drawing
 When a product has more than one part, an assembly drawing is necessary to show how the product is assembled when it is
finished. It shows someone a general idea about how the finished product is supposed to look.
 It is called a working drawing that tells what is made, what material to use, what tolerance is applicable, and other critical
information.
 The assembly drawing can have as many views as needed to show all the parts.
 A sectional view is often included to show the material used for one or more parts and also to show how the final product is
assembled.
 Each part has a circled number that is used in an accompanying table to show critical information needed to manufacture the
parts and to assemble the product.
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

REVISIONS

ITEMNO. QTY
. PARTNO. MATERIAL ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

1 1 guide SS303
2 1 rod SS303
3 1 PLATE SS303
D
D 4 2 M8-1.25x30 ALUMINUM
5 2 4mmcapscrew ALUMINUM

Assembly Drawing ?

Example
C
4
C

? 5

B B
?

UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED:
<COMPANYNAME>
DATE NAME

DIMENSIONSAREININCHES DRAWN
TOLERANCES:
FRACTIONAL CHECKED TITLE:
A ANGULAR: MACH BEND
ENG APPR. A
TWO PLACEDECIMAL
THREEPLACEDECIMAL
MFG APPR. 1GR_exASSEMBL
Y
INTERPRETGEOMETRIC Q.A.
PROPRIET
ARYANDCONFIDENT
IAL TOLERANCING PER:
COMMENTS:
THEINFORMATIONCONTAINEDINTHIS
MATERIAL
-- SIZE DWG. NO. REV
B
DRAW INGISTH ESOLEPROPERTYOF
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>. ANY
REPRODU CTIONINPARTORASAWHOLE FINISH
W IT
HOUTT HEWRITTENPERMISSIONOF
NEXTASSY USEDON --
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>IS
PROHIBITED. APPLICATION SCALE: 1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

REVISIONS

ITEMNO. QTY
. PARTNO. MATERIAL ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

1 1 guide SS303
2 1 rod SS303
3 1 PLATE SS303
D
D 4 2 M8-1.25x30 ALUMINUM
5 2 4mmcapscrew ALUMINUM

4
C C

? 5 Exploded
view
B B
?

UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED:
<COMPANYNAME>
DATE NAME

DIMENSIONSAREININCHES DRAWN
TOLERANCES:
FRACTIONAL CHECKED TITLE:
A ANGULAR: MACH BEND
ENG APPR. A
TWO PLACEDECIMAL
THREEPLACEDECIMAL
MFG APPR. 1GR_exASSEMBL
Y
INTERPRETGEOMETRIC Q.A.
PROPRIET
ARYANDCONFIDENT
IAL TOLERANCING PER:
COMMENTS:
THEINFORMATIONCONTAINEDINTHIS
MATERIAL
-- SIZE DWG. NO. REV
B
DRAW INGISTH ESOLEPROPERTYOF
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>. ANY
REPRODU CTIONINPARTORASAWHOLE FINISH
W IT
HOUTT HEWRITTENPERMISSIONOF
NEXTASSY USEDON --
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>IS
PROHIBITED. APPLICATION SCALE: 1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

REVISIONS

ITEMNO. QTY
. PARTNO. MATERIAL ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

1 1 guide SS303
2 1 rod SS303
3 1 PLATE SS303
D
D 4 2 M8-1.25x30 ALUMINUM
5 2 4mmcapscrew ALUMINUM

4
C C

? 5

B B
?

Bill of Materials
Item number
Quantity UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED:

DIMENSIONSAREININCHES
TOLERANCES:
DRAWN
DATE NAME
<COMPANYNAME>
TITLE:

Part number
FRACTIONAL CHECKED

A ANGULAR: MACH BEND

ENG APPR. A
TWO PLACEDECIMAL
THREEPLACEDECIMAL
MFG APPR. 1GR_exASSEMBL
Y
INTERPRETGEOMETRIC Q.A.

Material type or Source

PROPRIET
ARYANDCONFIDENT
IAL TOLERANCING PER:
COMMENTS:
THEINFORMATIONCONTAINEDINTHIS
MATERIAL
-- SIZE DWG. NO. REV
B
DRAW INGISTH ESOLEPROPERTYOF
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>. ANY
REPRODU CTIONINPARTORASAWHOLE FINISH
W IT
HOUTT HEWRITTENPERMISSIONOF
NEXTASSY USEDON --
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>IS
PROHIBITED. APPLICATION SCALE: 1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

REVISIONS

ITEMNO. QTY
. PARTNO. MATERIAL ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED

1 1 guide SS303
2 1 rod SS303
3 1 PLATE SS303
D
D 4 2 M8-1.25x30 ALUMINUM
5 2 4mmcapscrew ALUMINUM

balloon
annotations 4
C C

? 5

B B
?

UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED:
<COMPANYNAME>
DATE NAME

DIMENSIONSAREININCHES DRAWN
TOLERANCES:
FRACTIONAL CHECKED TITLE:
A ANGULAR: MACH BEND
ENG APPR. A
TWO PLACEDECIMAL
THREEPLACEDECIMAL
MFG APPR. 1GR_exASSEMBL
Y
INTERPRETGEOMETRIC Q.A.
PROPRIET
ARYANDCONFIDENT
IAL TOLERANCING PER:
COMMENTS:
THEINFORMATIONCONTAINEDINTHIS
MATERIAL
-- SIZE DWG. NO. REV
B
DRAW INGISTH ESOLEPROPERTYOF
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>. ANY
REPRODU CTIONINPARTORASAWHOLE FINISH
W IT
HOUTT HEWRITTENPERMISSIONOF
NEXTASSY USEDON --
<INSERTCOM PANYNAMEHERE>IS
PROHIBITED. APPLICATION SCALE: 1:1 WEIGHT: SHEET1 OF1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 PART MODELLING

MEC132: CHAPTER 4 29
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 30
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 31
SKETCHING IN SOLID
MODELLING
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 33
BASIC PART MODELLING
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 35
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 36
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 37
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 38
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 39
PART SYMMETRY
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 41
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 42
PATTERNING
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 44
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 45
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 46
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 47
 END OF
CHAPTER 4
MEC132: CHAPTER 4 48