CHAPTER 3:

PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS AND ISOMETRIC
DRAWING

MEC 132 – ENGINEERING DRAWING

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 1
CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction to principle of orthographic 3.2 Introduction to isometric drawing
projections
3.2.1 Selection of isometric axes
3.1.1 First angle projection
3.2.2 Isometric view by reference frame
3.1.2 Third angle projection
3.2.3 Products having inclined surfaces and slopes
3.1.3 Practice in first and third angle projection with
3.2.4 Circular and irregular objects
solids and simple machine components of combined
basic geometrical shapes 3.2.5 Dimensioning in isometric view

3.1.4 Arrangements of views and hidden lines 3.2.6 Introduction to free hand sketching in 2D
and 3D interpretations
3.1.5 Dimensioning
3.1.6 Drawing symbols and their applications
3.1.7 Auxiliary view

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 2
ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION
MEC132: CHAPTER 3 3
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
• Another name for orthographic projection is multiview drawing

• Involves visualization and implementation

 Ability to see clearly in the mind’s eye an object
 Process of drawing the object

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 4
◦ A system that allows you to make a two-dimensional drawing of a three-dimensional
object
◦ A box is formed by six
mutually perpendicular
planes of projection that are
located around the object

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 6
◦ Lines are formed on the planes by projecting the edges of the object onto the planes

These images are called “views”

There are six views formed by
the planes of a box

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 7
◦ Unfolding the box produces an arrangement of the six views
 First-angle projection VS Third-angle projection
First-angle projection
Used by many European countries
Object is projected onto planes from the first angle or
quadrant
•Front view projected to vertical plane
•Top view projected to horizontal plane
•Left-side view projected to profile plane
Third-angle projection
Standard for the United States
Third quadrant is used for projection
•Front view projected to vertical plane
•Top view projected to horizontal plane
•Right-side view projected to profile plane
◦ Each view is placed in a constant location relative to the other views
◦ Each view must be placed in its correct position
◦ Views and features must be aligned
Choosing Views
◦ Most commonly used views
Front View
Top View
Right Side View
◦ Most descriptive view is typically designated as
the Front View
◦ Complex objects require three views to describe its shape
◦ Simple objects can be described with two views
Ex: Soda Can
◦ Thin objects can be described with only one view
Depth is given in a note
Ex: Erasing Shield
◦ Objects described in two views
Third view would add nothing to the description
of the object
Carefully select views to describe shape of
objects accurately
Object Dimensions
◦ All objects have 3 dimensions
◦ Height
 Distance from top to bottom
◦ Width

HEIGHT
 Distance from side to side
◦ Depth
 Distance from the front to
back

WI
DT
H
H
EPT
D
◦ Front View

DEPTH
◦ Shows width & height
◦ Top View
TOP VIEW
◦ Shows width & depth WIDTH
DEPTH
◦ Side View
◦ Shows height & depth

HEIGHT
FRONT VIEW R. SIDE
VIEW
 TOP VIEW
◦ Depth can be projected
between views by using a
45° miter line 45 Degree
angle

R. SIDE
FRONT VIEW
MEC132: CHAPTER 3 17
MEC132: CHAPTER 3 18
MEC132: CHAPTER 3 19
Auxiliary View

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 20
 Auxiliary View
Center-Plane Reference Method

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 21

Copyright © 2003 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

 Auxiliary View of an Ellipse

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 22

Copyright © 2003 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

 Following the form and dimensions
given in the drawing on the left, draw
the auxiliary view as shown using the
front and top views only. Remember,
we’re after the true size and shape of
the inclined surface (the shaded area).

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 23
Simple objects can be described with two views

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 24
Simple objects can be described with two views

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 25
Complex objects require three views to describe its shape

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 26
Complex objects require three views to describe its shape

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 27
 Complex objects require three views to describe its shape

MEC132: CHAPTER 3 28
29