TEXTUAL FUNCTION

Textual Function: organize message, make relevance to context

(linguistic and social). A clause as a unit of message is
constituted by THEME and RHEME

THEME—RHEME
Theme: (1) the starting point of the message
(2) the point of departure of the message
Rheme: the rest of the message

THEME identified by
(1) ORDER and (2) MARKER

English, Bahasa Indonesia..., by Order

Japanese, Bahasa Batak..., by Marker
 IDENTIFICATION OF THEME AND RHEME

In English, the Theme is identified as the first

order of the clausal elements (i. e. either the
Process, Participant or Circumstance)
Rheme: the part of clause after the Theme
THEME RHEME
-Your reporter repeatedly interrupted her replies
- Repeatedly your reporter interrupted her replies
- Her replies were repeatedly interrupted by your reporter.
- We care (for) your health
- Your health we care
-- In a short time she left.
- She left in a short time.
 THEME by MARKER
The Toba Batak language has do as a Thematic marker.

 Laho do amanta tu pesta i. laho-’attend’; amanta-’our father’

T R
 Laho amanta do to pesta i. to pesta i- ‘to the party’
R T R
 Laho amanta tu pesta i do. ‘our father attended the party’
R T
 Amanta laho do tu pesta i.
R T R
 Amanta laho tu pesta i do.
R T
 Tu pesta i do laho amanta.
T R
 Tu pesta i laho amanta do.
 R T
 Theme and Rheme in English and
Bahasa Indonesia
THEME RHEME
John bought the book yesterday
Yesterday John bought the book
Johan membeli buku itu kemarin
Kemarin Johan membeli buku itu
Membeli buku itu Johan kemarin

The meaning carried by THEME

The THEME implies
‘About John, as for John, well ….’
‘Mengenai Johan, baik saya ingin mengatakan ...’
‘tentang si Johan…’
 Probabilistic Theory
The function of Theme in linguistic is comparable to
Probabilistic Theory in mathematics. Once a choice is made it
has consequence to the next one.
Equal probability to be selected in math; however, it does not
occur the sama in language: the first choice has consequence
to the next one.

near
storm smile
dry lake
more we and
that
car
PROBABILISTIC THEORY
Each stone has 1/10 probability to be CHOICE OF THEME
selected in the taking The choice for lake –
most probable dry
Consequence on the Choice of Theme
A thematic choice has a consequence to the next one.
a. Jim went to the party yesterday.
b. Yesterday Jim went to the party

Mathematic Equation: a=b→a+1=b+1. If a+1≠b+1(e. g. a>b,

a<b); then a ≠ b

1. Who went to the party ?

Jim (went to the party yesterday)
*Yesterday (Jim went to the party)

2. When did he go to the party?

*Jim (went to the party yesterday)
Yesterday (Jim went to the party)
1 + a ≠ 2 + b, therefore a ≠ b
 Mathematic Equation
Kawin = Nikah
akad kawin* = akad nikah
mas kawin =mas nikah*
Uang = Duit

a=b→a+1=b+1. If a+1≠b+1(e. g. a>b, a<b);

then a ≠ b
 Equative Theme
The man is the doctor
Theme Rheme

The doctor is the man.

Theme Rheme

The man [[who came here]] is the doctor.

Theme Rheme

The doctor is the man [[who came here]]

Theme Rheme
Patterns of Textual Development
1. T—R Marian bekerja di bank.
T—R Bank itu dibagun thaun1942
T—R ketika Jepang menduduki Singapura
T—R… Pendudukan Jepang itu menelan korban

2. T—R Marian bekerja di bank.

T—R bank itu dibangu tahun 1942.

T—R Manajernya lulusan the NUS

T—R kebanyakan nasabhnya kelas atas

3. T—R Marian works in a bank.

T—R Her father is a doctor.
T—R Her mother is a nurse.
Patterns of Textual Development
4. T—R Marian works in a bank.
T—R Last year she took a one-month leave
T—R because work load depressed her.
T—R The holiday has indeed refreshed her.

5. T—R Marian works in a bank.

T—R Last year the bank gained significant profit
T—R Therefore, the government awarded the bank the Fringe Benefit.
T— R The benefit of $4000 was given to Marian, the Executive Manager.
Patterns of Textual Development

6. T—R We stayed in the hotel for one week.

T—R Our one-week stay in the hotel cost very expensive.
T—R In deed the one-week stay there costs even more
T—R since the stay in the hotel risked us a life.

7. T—R We stayed in the hotel for one week.

T—R They got surprised with our one-week stay in the hotel
T—R because they knew the expensive cost of one-week stay in the hotel.
T—R No one will ever try another stay in the hotel.
 Patterns of Textual Development
8.
If the clause
a. Jim bought a book yesterday
b. Yesterday Jim bought a book
are developed by pattern 1, 2.....or 8 will there be the same texts as the
result of the textual development?
 Consequence of Thematic Choice
1. The choice of a linguistic unit as a Theme has a
consequence to the successive Themes. Thus, the
choice of Theme is not arbitrary since the first choice
has an effect to the next one.
2. The text should be cohesive, i.e. related to each
other. Thus, the textual function makes one linguistic
unit relevant or cohesive to another one.
3. The text should also be coherent, i.e. related to the
social context.
Analogy: condolence ≠ colorful dress, religion ≠
gambling, but casual conversation →gossip,
wedding party → colourful dresses
 UNMARKED AND MARKED
THEME
UNMARKED THEME:
The Theme is conflated with or mapped on to
the SUBJECT, otherwise MARKED (There
must be reason for this)

- Miriam picked up the flowers yesterday (Unmarked)

- Yesterday Miriam picked up the flowers (Marked)
- Mariam memetik bunga itu kemarin (Lazim)
- Kemarin Mariam memetik bunga itu (Tidak Lazim)
 ACTOR, SUBJECT AND THEME
My uncle gave a tea pot to my mother yesterday.
Actor
Subject
Theme

Yesterday my uncle gave a tea pot to my mother.

Theme Actor
Subject

Yesterday a tea pot was given to my mother by my uncle.

Theme Subject Actor
 Unmarkedness
Theme and Subject are conflated in a
Declarative Mood clause

Theme and Finite are conflated in an

Interrogative Mood clause

Theme and Process are conflated in an

Imperative Mood clause
 SIMPLE AND MULTIPLE THEME
Simple Theme : one element of the clause functions as the Theme.
Multiple Theme: more than one element

1. Textual Theme
2. Interpersonal Theme
3. Topical Theme [(TI)To in that order]

I TEXTUAL THEME
1.Conjunctions : and, because, so…
2. Relatives : who, which, whose, that, where...
3. Conjunctives : in addition, besides, in other words, therefore...
4. Continuatives : well, yes, ah, ya, mm..

(I went there) and she returned home.

(The man arrived early), which surprises us
(He was absent) because he was ill.
(He was absent); in other words, he did not attend the class.
well well, I will see him tomorrow
 Simple and Multiple Theme
II INTERPERSONAL THEME
1.Finite : do, did, does, is, have, may, will, ada…
2. A Wh-element: what, who, where…
3. Vocative: John, son, my darling, baby…
4. Mood Adjunct: really, actually, perhaps, often…
John, really did you love the lady?

III TOPICAL THEME

The simple Theme; as soon as the Topical Theme is
identified, the rest of the clause is the RHEME
 Analysis of Theme
He went there and she returned home

He went there
Theme Rheme

and she returned home

conjunction
Textual Topical RHEME
THEME
 Types of Theme
1. Unmarked
2. Marked

1. Simple
2. Multiple

Markedness

Simplicity
unmarked marked
simple unmarked simple marked simple

multiple unmarked multiple marked multiple

 Types of Theme

1. Ben saw a lion yesterday (US)

2. Yesterday Ben saw a lion (MS)
3. and she left the room (UM)
4. so yesterday they left the room (MM)
 ANALYSIS
Well well John really do you love the lady?
Continuative Vocative Adjunct Finite Topical
Textual Interpersonal R H E M E

T H E M E
Adjunct Finite Subject Complement
Predicator
RES- MOOD -IDUE

Circ: M Process Senser : Mental Phenomenon

 Information Structure
Given: previous information (lapses)
New : last information (retains)

Ben saw a tiger yesterday

Yesterday Ben saw a tiger
THEME RHEME

There is no exact position of the NEW. However, for

practical reason (being idealized) it is identified as
being at the final functional element of the clause
(being Process, Participant or Circumstance).
Ben saw a tiger yesterday
Yesterday Ben saw a tiger
GIVEN NEW
GIVEN—New by Marker
Boan do tuak tu lapo i da.

Boan do tuak da tu lapo i.

Boan tuak do da tu lapo i.

Boan tuak do tu lapo i da.

Boan tuak tu lapo i do da.

 Theme—Rheme and Given--New

Benny saw the tiger yesterday

THEME R H E M E
G I V E N N E W
Theme—Rheme and Given--New

kebenaran adalah dasar

the truth is the basis

T E M A R E M A
L AM A B A R U
THEME R H E M E
G I V EN N E W
 ANALYSIS OF TEXT
The room was large and furniture was placed in the
middle. As I was walking into another room, where she
was lying, I saw a host of flowers by the window. The
flowers reminded me of the park where we usually sat.
Once we went there. She kissed me and said, ”Darling,
are you worried?”, and after a pause of hesitation
continued, “There is nothing to worry.” She smiled and I
said, “Let me pick a red rose for you”. Now there is no
more smile on the stiff lips and the flower is gone. It is
just a memory and I will never see her again...
 Textual Analysis
No Theme Rheme
1 the room was large (UST)
2 and furniture was placed in the middle (UMT)
3 as I was walking into another room (UMT)
4 where she was lying
5 I (UMT)
saw a host of flowers by the
6 the flowers window (UST)
7 where we reminded me of the park (UST)
usually sat (UMT)
8 once
9 she we went there (MST)
10 and (she) kissed me (UST)
said (UMT)
 Textual Analysis (cont. 1)
No Theme Rheme

11 darling, are you worried? (UMT)

12 and after a pause of
hesitation (she) continued (MMT)
13 there is nothing to worry (UST)
14 she smiled (UST)
15 and I said (UMT)
16 (you) let me pick a red rose for you (UST)
17 now there is no more smile on the stiff lips (UMT)
18 and the flower is gone (UMT)
19 it is just a memory (UST)
20 and I will never see her again (UMT)
 Proportion of Theme
No. Types of Theme Number Percentage
1. UST 8 40
2. UMT 10 50
3. MST 1 5
4. MMT 1 5
Total 20 100

UST = Unmarked Simple Theme

UMT = Unmarked Multiple Theme
MST = Marked Simple Theme
MMT = Marked Multiple Theme
Text 1
A middle-aged lady was walking along a pavement when
a small boy followed her. When she entered a jewelry
shop, the boy waited outside and in a short time a man
with long beard accompanied the boy. The man then
went into his car and took a black package. He asked
the boy to put the package near the door way of the
shop. The man and the boy rushed into the car and
disappeared. In a few minutes there was a big explosion
and the jewelry shop turned into a big flame. The
jewelry shop was blown to pieces and the middle-aged
woman was identified as the spy.
1. a middle-aged lady was walking along a pavement
2. when a small boy followed her
3. when she entered a jewelry shop
4. the boy waited outside
5. and in a short time a man with long beard accompanied the
boy.
6. the man then went into his car
7. and took a black package.
8. he asked the boy to put the package near the door way of
the shop.
9. the man and the boy rushed into the car
10. and disappeared
11. in a few minutes there was a big explosion
12. and the jewelry shop turned into a big flame.
13. the jewelry shop was blown to pieces
14. and the middle-aged woman was identified as the spy.
 Proportion of Theme
No Type Number Percentage

1 UST 7 50

2 MST 5 35.8

3 UMT 1 7.1

4 MMT 1 7.1

Total 14 100
Text 2 (Assignment)
Someone’s mental sickness is often indicated by his
interaction to others in the surrounding. One of which is
his treatment to animals. A fierce or wild character is
often shown in one’s behaviour to cattle. Dick worked in
a dairy farm. He often forced horses to gallop or tortured
the animal. One day he was caught in the act. “I have
been watching you bad boy but is this the way how you
always treat the animal?”, said his master and continued,
“This is not the first time you do it but this has to be the
last”. Dick was frightened and powerless by his boss’s
thundering voice. The boss whipped his whole body.
Blood was running from most of his body when the boss
said, “Collect all your property and go away from my
farm”. “You have treated my poor horses badly and as
revenge you deserve this”, and he continued beating the
fierce boy. Dick disappeared from the farm that moment
 METHOD OF DEVELOPMENT
THEME: the starting point of the message
the point of departure of the message
‘this is the text is going to be about’
RHEME: the rest of the message
Ben saw the man yesterday.
Yesterday Ben saw the man.
THEME RHEME

Macro-Theme : text::
Hyper-Theme : paragraph ::
Theme : clause
There is a natural relation among the macro-theme,
hyper-theme and theme in the sense that the macro-
theme predicts the hyper-theme, which in turns
eventually predicts and the theme of the clause.
clause : New ::
paragraph : Hyper-New ::
text : Macro-New n

There is a natural relation among the new,

hyper-new and macro-new clause News look
back, gathering up the meanings of hyper-new
which eventually accumulate to elaborate the
macro-new as a text field.
 Text
 Gold, a precious stone, is prized for two important
characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous
beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is
suitable for jewelry, coins and ornamental purposes.
Gold never needs to be polished and will remain
beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian coin
remains as untarnished today as the day it was
minted twenty centuries ago. Another important
characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry
and science. For many years, it has been used in
hundreds of industrial applications. For instance,
the most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits.
Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for
protections outside the spaceship. In conclusion,
gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for
its utility
 CLAUSES
1. Gold, a precious stone, is prized for two
important characteristics.
2. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty [[that
is resistant to corrosion]].
3. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins and
ornamental purposes.
4. Gold never needs to be polished
5. and will remain beautiful forever.
6. For example, a Macedonian coin remains as
untarnished today
 CLAUSES
7. as the day it was minted twenty centuries ago.
8. Another important characteristic of gold is its
usefulness to industry and science.
9. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of
industrial applications.
10. For instance, the most recent use of gold is in
astronauts’ suits.
11. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for
protections outside the spaceship.
12. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its
beauty, but also for its utility
 Theme and Rheme
No. Theme Rheme

1 Gold, a precious is prized for two important

stone characteristics

2 First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty [[that is resistant

to corrosion.
3 Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins and
ornamental purposes
4 Gold never needs to be polished
5 and (gold) will remain beautiful forever
 Theme and Rheme
No. Theme Rheme
6 For example, a remains as untarnished today
Macedonian
coin
7 as the day it was minted twenty centuries ago
8 Another important is its usefulness to industry and
characteristic science.
of gold
9 For many years, it has been used in hundreds of
industrial applications.
 Theme and Rheme
No. Theme Rheme

10 For instance, the is in astronauts’ suits

most recent
use of gold
11 Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for
protections outside the spaceship.
12 In conclusion, is treasured not only for its beauty, but
gold also for its utility
 Thematic Development
1. Gold, a precious stone, is prized for two important
characteristics (Hyper-Theme)
2. First of all, gold
3. Therefore, it
4. Gold
5. and (gold)
6. For example, a Macedonian coin
7. as the day it
8. Another important characteristic of gold
9. For many years,
10. For instance, the most recent use of gold
11. Astronauts
12. In conclusion, gold
 Thematic Development

HYPER-THEME

Theme
Theme
Theme
 Information Structure
Given: previous information (lapses)
New : last information (retains)

Ben saw a tiger yesterday

THEME RHEME

Ben saw a tiger yesterday

GIVEN NEW
 Development of NEW
1. is prized for two important characteristics
2. has a lustrous beauty [[that is resistant to corrosion]]
3. is suitable for jewelry, coins and ornamental purposes
4. never neeeds to be polished
5. will remain beautiful forever
6. remains as untarnished today
7. was minted twenty centuries ago
8. is its usefulness to industry and science
9. it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications
10. is in astronauts’ suits
11. wear gold-plated heat shields for protections outside the
spaceship
12. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but
also for its utility (Hyper-New)
Accumulation of New

New
New
New

HYPER-NEW
 Complementarity of Hyper-
Theme and Hyper-New

Hyper-Theme

Theme New
Theme New
Theme New

Hyper-New
Method of Development and
Point
1. Macro-Theme, hyper-Themes and
clause Themes project forward,
scaffolding the text with respect to
its rhetorical purpose (genre)
2. Macro-New, hyper-News and clause
News look back, gathering up the
meanings which have accumulated
to elaborate a text field.
 TEXTURE
Method of Development Point
(genre focus) (field focus)

Macro-Theme n
Predict Hyper-Theme
Accumulate
Theme........New

Hyper-New
Macro-New n
 Example of Text
Kelapa memberikan berbagai manfaat untuk kesejahteraan manusia.
Sebagai unsur yang paling bawah, akar kelapa digunakan sebagai tali senar
alat musik, seperti kecapi. Akar kelapa juga digunakan sebagai obat atau bahan
kosmetik penyubur rambut.
Batang kelapa digunakan bahan bangunan. Misalnya, di daerah pantai
sebahagian besar rumah penduduk dibangun dengan menggunakan batang
kelapa. Batang kelapa dapat dibuat titi atau jembatan.
Unsur kelapa berikutnya adalah buah kelapa yang dapat menjadi bahan
makanan dan obat. Santan kelapa merupakan bahan utama dalam memasak
berbagai jenis hidangan, seperti gulai dan rendang. Minyak kelapa di samping
digunakan untuk menggoreng makanan digunakan sebagai bahan obat atau
kosmetik. Air kelapa dapat menjadi minuman yang segar atau bahan membuat
kecap. Daun kepala dapat digunakan untuk topi yang banyak diminati oleh para
turis. Umbut kepala disantap sebagai sayur yang lezat rasanya.
Unsur kelapa yang paling tinggi ini menjadi makanan khas berbagai suku,
misalnya Banjar. Sebagai simpulan, berbagai manfaat dapat diperoleh dari
kelapa berupa kegunaannya sebagai alat musik, kosmetik, bahan bangunan,
makanan, obat, dan industri.
 Example of Text
1. Kelapa memberikan berbagai manfaat untuk kesejahteraan manusia. (Macro-Theme)
2. Sebagai unsur yang paling bawah, akar kelapa digunakan sebagai tali senar alat musik,
seperti kecapi. (Hyper-Theme1)
3. Akar kelapa juga digunakan sebagai obat atau bahan kosmetik penyubur rambut.
4. Batang kelapa digunakan bahan bangunan. (Hyper-Theme 2)
5. Misalnya, di daerah pantai sebahagian besar rumah penduduk dibangun dengan
menggunakan batang kelapa.
6. Batang kelapa dapat dibuat titi atau jembatan.
7. Unsur kelapa berikutnya adalah buah kelapa [[yang dapat menjadi bahan makanan dan
obat]]. (Hyper-Theme 3)
8. Santan kelapa merupakan bahan utama dalam memasak berbagai jenis hidangan, seperti
gulai dan rendang.
9. Minyak kelapa di samping digunakan
10. untuk menggoreng makanan
11. digunakan sebagai bahan obat atau kosmetik.
12. Air kelapa dapat menjadi minuman [[yang segar]]
13. atau bahan membuat kecap.
14. Daun kepala dapat digunakan untuk topi [[yang banyak diminati oleh para turis ]]. (Hyper-
Theme 4)
15. Umbut kelapa disantap sebagai [[sayur yang lezat rasanya]].
16. Unsur kelapa yang paling tinggi ini menjadi makanan khas berbagai suku, misalnya Banjar.
17. Sebagai simpulan, berbagai manfaat dapat diperoleh dari kelapa berupa kegunaannya
sebagai alat musik, kosmetik, bahan bangunan, makanan, obat, dan industri.
 Example of Text
1. Kelapa memberikan berbagai manfaat untuk kesejahteraan manusia.
(Macro-Theme)
2. Hyper-Theme1)
3. Theme
4. (Hyper-Theme 2)
5. Theme
6. Theme
7. (Hyper-Theme 3)
8. Theme
9. Theme
10. (Theme)
11. (Theme)
12. Theme
13. (Theme)
14. (Hyper-Theme 4)
15. THeme
16. Theme
17. Theme
 Example of Text
1. memberikan berbagai manfaat untuk kesejahteraan manusia
2. akar kelapa digunakan sebagai tali senar alat musik, seperti kecapi. (Hyper-New 1)
3. juga digunakan sebagai obat atau bahan kosmetik penyubur rambut .
4. digunakan bahan bangunan. (Hyper-New 2)
5. dibangun dengan menggunakan batang kelapa.
6. dapat dibuat titi atau jembatan.
7. adalah buah kelapa [[yang dapat menjadi bahan makanan dan obat ]]. (Hyper-New 3)
8. merupakan bahan utama dalam memasak berbagai jenis hidangan, seperti gulai dan
rendang.
9. digunakan
10. untuk menggoreng makanan
11. digunakan sebagai bahan obat atau kosmetik.
12. dapat menjadi minuman [[yang segar]]
13. atau bahan membuat kecap.
14. dapat digunakan untuk topi [[yang banyak diminati oleh para turis ]]. (Hyper-New 4)
15. disantap sebagai sayur [[yang lezat rasanya]].
16. menjadi makanan khas berbagai suku, misalnya Banjar.
17. Sebagai simpulan, berbagai manfaat dapat diperoleh dari kelapa berupa kegunaannya
sebagai alat musik, kosmetik, bahan bangunan, makanan, obat, dan industri (Macro-New)
 Example of Text
1. New
2. (Hyper-New 1)
3. New
4. (Hyper-New 2)
5. New
6. New
7. (Hyper-New 3)
8. New
9. New
10. New
11. New
12. New
13. New.
14. (Hyper-New 4)
15. New
16. New
17. (Macro-New)
 More Texts
Dalam kurun 44 tahun kampung XX berkembang dari perkampungan nelayan
menjadi kota pariwisata yang megah dan industri termodern dengan gedung
bertingkat. Dalam 1960 kampung XX adalah permukiman nelayan yang dihuni oleh
sepuluh keluarga nelayan Melayu. Mata pencaharian utama adalah menangkap
ikan. Lima tahun kemudian, karena letaknya yang baik sebagai persinggahan para
nelayan asing, pemerintah membangaun dermaga dari kayu sebagai persinggahan
kapal dagang berukuran kecil. Dalam tahun 1970 dengan rencana pembangunan
nasionalnya kampung XX berubah menjadi kota kecil yang mulai ramai dikunjungi
orang, terutama dari Negara tetangga Thailand dan Indonesia. Dalam kurun itu kota
kecil itu diperluas bersaman dengan pembangunan jaringan listrik. Kegiatan industri
rumah tangga dan pengawetan ikan dimulai pada saat itu. Sepuluh tahun kemudian,
pemerintah membangaun jaringan telepon ke kota XX dan tempat perbelanjaan
bertingkat tiga dibangaun. Dalam 1985 para investor dari Korea dan Inggris
membangaun hotel bertingkat tiga dan lima sebagai sarana akomodasi termegah
pertama di kota itu. Dengan daya tarik hotel yang baik, keramahan penduduk dan
penggalian kembali kerajaan kuno yang ratusan tahun tertimbun, kota XX menarik
para wisatawan dari seluruh dunia. Dalam 1995 pemerintah menetapkan kota XX
sebagai daerah wisata yang utama. Para penananm modal berlomba datang
dengan dibangunnya sarana kereta gantung di kota pulau itu. Kini kota XX,
disamping memiliki fasilitas industri pariwisata, juga telah memiliki lapangan terbang
interansional dan dermaga termegah di Asia tenggara. Jadi, dalam kurun hampir
setengah abad perkampungan nelayan Melayu itu berubah menjadi daerah wisata
dan pusat industri trmodern di Asia tenggara. (Langkawi)
Dalam kurun 44 tahun kampung XX berkembang dari perkampungan nelayan
menjadi kota pariwisata yang megah dan industri termodern dengan gedung
bertingkat.
Dalam 1960 kampung XX adalah permukiman nelayan yang dihuni oleh sepuluh
keluarga nelayan Melayu. Mata pencaharian utama adalah menangkap ikan. Lima
tahun kemudian, karena letaknya yang baik sebagai persinggahan para nelayan
asing, pemerintah membangaun dermaga dari kayu sebagai persinggahan kapal
dagang berukuran kecil.
Dalam tahun 1970 dengan rencana pembangunan nasionalnya kampung XX
berubah menjadi kota kecil yang mulai ramai dikunjungi orang, terutama dari Negara
tetangga Thailand dan Indonesia. Dalam kurun itu kota kecil itu diperluas bersaman
dengan pembangunan jaringan listrik. Kegiatan industri rumah tangga dan
pengawetan ikan dimulai pada saat itu.
Sepuluh tahun kemudian, pemerintah membangaun jaringan telepon ke kota XX dan
tempat perbelanjaan bertingkat tiga dibangaun.
Dalam 1985 para investor dari Korea dan Inggris membangaun hotel bertingkat tiga
dan lima sebagai sarana akomodasi termegah pertama di kota itu. Dengan daya
tarik hotel yang baik, keramahan penduduk dan penggalian kembali kerajaan kuno
yang ratusan tahun tertimbun, kota XX menarik para wisatawan dari seluruh dunia.
Dalam 1995 pemerintah menetapkan kota XX sebagai daerah wisata yang utama.
Para penananm modal berlomba datang dengan dibangunnya sarana kereta gantung
di kota pulau itu.
Kini kota XX, disamping memiliki fasilitas industri pariwisata, juga telah memiliki
lapangan terbang interansional dan dermaga termegah di Asia tenggara. Jadi,
dalam kurun hampir setengah abad perkampungan nelayan Melayu itu berubah
menjadi daerah wisata dan pusat industri trmodern di Asia tenggara. (Langkawi)
Dalam kurun 44 tahun kampung XX berkembang dari perkampungan nelayan
menjadi kota pariwisata yang megah dan industri termodern dengan gedung
bertingkat.
Dalam 1960 kampung XX adalah permukiman nelayan yang dihuni oleh sepuluh
keluarga nelayan Melayu. Mata pencaharian utama adalah menangkap ikan. Lima
tahun kemudian, karena letaknya yang baik sebagai persinggahan para nelayan
asing, pemerintah membangaun dermaga dari kayu sebagai persinggahan kapal
dagang berukuran kecil.
Dalam tahun 1970 dengan rencana pembangunan nasionalnya kampung XX
berubah menjadi kota kecil yang mulai ramai dikunjungi orang, terutama dari Negara
tetangga Thailand dan Indonesia. Dalam kurun itu kota kecil itu diperluas bersaman
dengan pembangunan jaringan listrik. Kegiatan industri rumah tangga dan
pengawetan ikan dimulai pada saat itu.
Sepuluh tahun kemudian, pemerintah membangaun jaringan telepon ke kota XX dan
tempat perbelanjaan bertingkat tiga dibangaun.
Dalam 1985 para investor dari Korea dan Inggris membangaun hotel bertingkat tiga
dan lima sebagai sarana akomodasi termegah pertama di kota itu. Dengan daya
tarik hotel yang baik, keramahan penduduk dan penggalian kembali kerajaan kuno
yang ratusan tahun tertimbun, kota XX menarik para wisatawan dari seluruh dunia.
Dalam 1995 pemerintah menetapkan kota XX sebagai daerah wisata yang utama.
Para penananm modal berlomba datang dengan dibangunnya sarana kereta gantung
di kota pulau itu. Kini kota XX, disamping memiliki fasilitas industri pariwisata, juga
telah memiliki lapangan terbang interansional dan dermaga termegah di Asia
tenggara.
Jadi, dalam kurun hampir setengah abad perkampungan nelayan Melayu itu berubah
menjadi daerah wisata dan pusat industri trmodern di Asia tenggara. (Langkawi)
 More Texts
AIDS (acquired immuno deficiency syndrome), penyakit akibat hilangnya
kekebalan badan untuk menagkal penyakit menular dengan tiga cara.
Pertama penyakit ini ditularkan melalui hubungan seks rambang. Misalnya,
seseorang yang berhubungan seks dengan orang yang menderta AIDS
dapat ditulari penyakit ini melalui cairan badan yang masuk ke dalam tubuh
masing-masng pasangan ketika berhubngan seks. Walaupun disarankan
menggunakan kondom untuk enangkal masuknya cairang badan ke pada
pasanganya, tidak ada jamian bahwa kondom tidak akan rusak atau cairan
badan dapat keluar dari kondom akibat penuh. Kedua, penyakit ini tertular
melalui perkongsian penyuntik. Misalnya, jika seorang pengguna narkoba
berkongsi alat suntik dengan temannya epnderita AIDS, dia dapat tertular
virus itu melalaui alat suntik yang digunakan Ketiga, AIDS dapat tertular
melalui transfuse darah. Misalnya, seorang pasien yang menerima darah
dari seorang donor penderita penyakit itu, virus penyakit itu dapat menular
dengan cara ini. Penderita AIDS biasanya kurus dengan demam tinggi dan
penurunan berat badan secara cepat yang berahkir dengan kematian yang
cepat. Obat yang efektif menyembuhkan AIDS belum ditemukan. Dari
ketiga penyebaran virus AIDS penyebab pertama paling banyak terjadi.
Namun, jika seseorang tidak ingin terjangkit AIDS dia sharusnya tidak
terbabit dalam satu pun cara penularannya.
 More Texts
AIDS (acquired immuno deficiency syndrome), penyakit akibat hilangnya
kekebalan badan untuk menagkal penyakit menular dengan tiga cara.
Pertama penyakit ini ditularkan melalui hubungan seks rambang. Misalnya,
seseorang yang berhubungan seks dengan orang yang menderta AIDS
dapat ditulari penyakit ini melalui cairan badan yang masuk ke dalam tubuh
masing-masng pasangan ketika berhubngan seks. Walaupun disarankan
menggunakan kondom untuk enangkal masuknya cairang badan ke pada
pasanganya, tidak ada jamian bahwa kondom tidak akan rusak atau cairan
badan dapat keluar dari kondom akibat penuh. Kedua, penyakit ini tertular
melalui perkongsian penyuntik. Misalnya, jika seorang pengguna narkoba
berkongsi alat suntik dengan temannya epnderita AIDS, dia dapat tertular
virus itu melalaui alat suntik yang digunakan Ketiga, AIDS dapat tertular
melalui transfuse darah. Misalnya, seorang pasien yang menerima darah
dari seorang donor penderita penyakit itu, virus penyakit itu dapat menular
dengan cara ini. Penderita AIDS biasanya kurus dengan demam tinggi dan
penurunan berat badan secara cepat yang berahkir dengan kematian yang
cepat. Obat yang efektif menyembuhkan AIDS belum ditemukan. Dari
ketiga penyebaran virus AIDS penyebab pertama paling banyak terjadi.
Namun, jika seseorang tidak ingin terjangkit AIDS dia sharusnya tidak
terbabit dalam satu pun cara penularannya.
 Alignment
theme : clause :: hyper-theme: paragraph :: macro-theme: text:: outline: paper::
(table of) contents:: book

new: clause :: hyper-new:: paragraph :: macro-new: text:: abstract : paper::

epilogue/conclusion: book
1. someone’s mental sickness is often indicated by his interaction to others in the
surrounding
2. one of which is his treatment to animals.
3. a fierce or wild character is often shown in one’s behaviour to cattle.
4. Dick worked in a dairy farm.
5. he often forced horses to gallop
6. or tortured the animal.
7. one day he was caught in the act.
8. “I have been watching you bad boy
9. but is this the way how you always treat the animal?”,
10. said his master
11. and continued,
12. “This is not the first time you do it
13. but this has to be the last”.
14. Dick was frightened and powerless by his boss’s thundering voice.
15. the boss whipped his whole body.
16. blood was running from most of his body
17. when the boss said,
18. “Collect all your property
19. and go away from my farm”.
20. “You have treated my poor horses badly
21. and as revenge you deserve this”,
22. and he continued beating the fierce boy.
23. Dick disappeared from the farm that moment
 Proportion of Theme
No Type Number Percentage

1 UST 14 60.9

2 MST 5 21.8

3 UMT 3 13

4 MMT 1 4.3

Total 23 100
 Pantun
 Kalau ada sumur di ladang,
 Bolehlah kita menumpang mandi.
 Kalau ada umur panjang,
 Bolehlah kita berjumpa lagi.

The pantoun works following the

principles (culturally and ideologically) of
textual function. However, the logical
function simultaneously works in the text.
 Pantun
 Kalau ada sumur di ladang,
Theme Rheme
GIVEN NEW
 Bolehlah kita menumpang mandi.
Theme Rheme
GIVEN NEW
 Kalau ada umur panjang,
Theme Rheme
GIVEN NEW
 Bolehlah kita berjumpa lagi.
Theme Rheme
GIVEN NEW
 Pantun
Sayang Laksamana mati terbunuh;
Mati dibunuh datuk menteri.
Tuan umpama minyak yang penuh;
Sedikitpun tidak melimpah lagi.

Sayang Laksamana mati terbunuh;

Mati dibunuh datuk panglima.
Bukan tanaman yang tidak mau tumbuh;
Tetapi bumi yang tidak mau menerima.

Belum tersurat dalam hikayat;

Ayam keluar mencari musang.
Belum tersebut di dalam adat;
Bunga keluar mencari kumbang.
Analyze the text textually by its Theme and Rheme
 Someone’s mental sickness is often indicated by his interaction to others
in the surrounding. One of which is his relation to or treatment to
animals. A fierce or wild character is often shown in one’s behaviour to
cattle. Such a character was in Dick’s personality. Dick worked in a
dairy farm. He often forced horses to gallop. He would torture the
animals if the creatures showed unwillingness to do what he wanted.
One day he was caught in the act. “I have been watching you bad boy
but is this the way how you always treat the animal?”, said his master
and continued, “This is not the first time you do it but this has to be the
last”. Dick was frightened and powerless by his boss’s thundering voice.
The boss whipped his whole body. Blood was running from most of his
body wounds when the boss said, “Collect all your property and go
away from my farm. Never come back.” Then, immediately he went on
“You have treated my poor horses badly and as a revenge you deserve
this”, and he continued beating the fierce boy. Dick disappeared from
the farm that moment.
1. ratusan bupati se-Sumatra bertepu k tangan
Tema Rema (tunggal lazim)

2. ketika Menteri Dalam Negeri Tjahjo Kumolo mengumumkan

Tema Rema (majemuk
lazim)

3. bahwa kepala daerah bakal dipilih langsung oleh rakyat

Tema Rema (majemuk
lazim)

4. Tjahjo menjelaskan
Tema Rema (tunggal lazim)

5. pemilihan langsung telah memiliki kekuatan hukum yang kuat

Tema Rema (tunggal
lazim)

1. karena DPR telah mengesahkan

Tema Rema (majemuk lazim)

2. peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang (perpu) No 1 tahun 2014

Tema
8 pengumuman pengesahan UU Pilkada itu disampaikan Tjahjo kepada 101 bupati
Tema Rema (tunggal
lazim)
se-Sumatra di Istana Bogor, Kamis (22/1).
Rema (tunggal lazim)

9. para bupati hadir di Istana Bogor

Tema Rema (tunggal lazim)

10. untuk mengikuti rapat koordinasi bersama Presiden Joko Widodo.

Tema Rema (majemuk tidak lazim)

11. sedangkan Presiden Jokowi menyatakan

Tema Rema (majemuk lazim)

12. pemerintah akan menjalankan keputusan UU Pilkada.

Tema Rema (tunggal lazim)
13. “Sudah jadi keputusan, pilkada langsung itu yang akan dijalankan,” (adalah) katanya
– Tema
Rema (tunggal lazim)

14. sementara itu Ketua Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) Husni Kamil Manik memberi masukan
kepada
Tema
DPR terkait hal-hal teknis pilkada (majemuk lazim)
Rema

15. “Pertama DPR perlu mempertimbangkan waktu dan desain jadwal pemilihan kepala daerah
yang terlalu panjang,”
Tema

(adalah ) kata Husni dalam rapat dengar pendapat dengan komisi II DPR, di GeduDPR,
Senayan Jakarta
Rema

Kamis siang. (tunggal lazim)

Rema

16. Husni menjelaskan

Tema Rema (tuggal lazim)

17. jika mengikuti tahapan [[yang ada di dalam perpu,]]

Tema Rema (majemuk tidak llazim)

18. maka pemungutan suara tahap satu baru bisa dilaksanakkan pada 16 Desember 2015.
Tema Rema
(majemuk lazim)
19. hal lain [[yang harus diperhatikan]] adalah siklus pemilihan kepala
daerah secara serentak
Tema Rema
(tunggal lazim)

20. menurut Husni harus ada aturan [[yang jelas mengenai siklus]]
Tema Rema (tunggal
tidak lazim)

21. sehingga tidak mengganggu

Tema

jabatan kepala daerah di suatu wilayah

Rema (majemuk tidak lazim)

22. siklus pilkada juga harus dibuat

Tema Rema (tunggal lazim)

23. supaya tidak mengganggu pilpres dan pileg serentak 2019

Tema Rema (tunggal tidak
lazim )