CH 18 Noble Gasses

The Group 18 Element
CHAPTER 18
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Helium— discovered in 1868; from spectrum of the Sun shown some lines
that did not belong to any element known, the new element was named
helium,
The Sun :
Hydrogen (74%)
Helium (25%)
• Sir W Ramsay : when
electric discharge was
passed through the
air, there is a new
spectrum
• It is a new element,
Argon.
• Every one of the noble

gases was first
identified by its unique
emission spectrum.
18.1 Group Trends
• Colorless, odorless gases,
• neither burn nor support
combustion;
• the least reactive group in the
periodic table
• all are monatomic gases.
• All are found in the atmosphere.
All are monatomic gases.
Low m.p and b.p  weak dispersion forces
 Because the elements are all monatomic gases, there is a well-
behaved trend in densities.
 The trend is a simple reflection of the increase in molar mass.
Air density = 1.3 g/L
• Till 1962, the only known species involving the noble
gases were the noble gas clathrates,
• Saturn’s moon Titan atmosphre lacks the Kr and Xe

(maybe trapped within ice clathrates on the moon’s
surface).
• Rn is radioactive so that it is very difficult to

study its chemistry.
18.2 Unique Features of Helium
 Still liquid at the lowest temperatures we can reach.
 (at 1.0 K, P 2.5 MPa is required to solidify He)
 P = 100 kPa, T = 4,2 K : He condenses to form liquid (Helium I),
 P = 100 kPa, T = <2.2 K, (now liquid helium

II),
helium II is :
- incredibly good thermal conductor,
10 x He- I
- viscosity drops to close to 0.
- it “climbs the walls” .
Helium II phenomena are best interpreted in terms of quantum behavior

in the lowest-possible energy states of the element  quantum physics.
18.3 Uses of the Noble Gases
• He has low Ar  high average velocity  lost into space.

• He gas reservoirs in United States are among the largest in the world.
Helium
• found in some underground natural
gas deposits,
• 2nd lowest density (after H2), to filll

balloons.
Density of H2= 0.08992

Density of air = 0.001225 g/cm3, Previously , Hindenburg disaster for H 2 usage
Long-endurance flying radar posts to
identify illegal drug-carrying flights, study
the upper canopy of the rain forest.
liquid helium to
cool scientific
apparatus close to
0 K.
to produce and sustain deep-sea-

powerful superconducting diving gas
magnets in NMR mixtures
spectrometers.
Preparation
• Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe gases are obtained

as by-products of the production of
O2 and N2 from air.
• Ar also is obtained from industrial

NH3 synthesis, where it
accumulates during the recycling of
the unused atmospheric gases.
• Argon for inert atmosphere for high- T metallurgical processes
and welding;
The gas offers protection against oxidation risks and reduces smoke emissions.
Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe are used to provide different colors in “neon” lights.
• current excites Hg vapor which

produces short-wave UV light that
causes P coating inside of the bulb to
fluoresce, producing light.
• Argon is used to fill the air space
between the glass layers of thermal
insulating windows.
• Much amount of Argon in the atmosphere is a result

of :
Uses for the Noble Gases
• The “neon” lights you see

in advertising signs can
contain any of the noble
gases, not just neon.
• The electricity causes the gas to glow , with a unique color.

• Helium glows yellow, neon glows red-orange, and argon produces
a bluish-violet color.
• Kr is used with N2 in ordinary lightbulbs because these
gases keep the glowing filament from burning out.
• Kr lights are used to illuminate landing strips at airports.
18.4 History of Noble Gas Compounds
1924 : von Antropoff : as they have 8 e- in their valence level, the noble
gases could form compounds with up to 8 covalent bonds.
1933 : Pauling : predicted the formulas of some possible noble gas

compounds.
1962 : Neil Bartlett : worked with platinum(VI) fluoride :

 PtF6 strong oxidizing agent: PtF6 +O2  O2+PtF6-
 Based on : Ei1 Xe ≅ Ei1 O2.
 synthesized an orange compound that he claimed was Xe+PtF6- (in fact :
XeF+ ion).
R Hoppe worked with enthalpy cycles, on thermodynamic, xenon

ﬂuorides should exist :
by passing an electric discharge through a mixture of Xe and F2 --> XeF2.
18.5 Xenon Fluorides
white solids
Hf < 0 at 25°C.
isoelectronic with iodine polyfluoride anions.
Driving force in the formation of the xenon fluorides
S < 0 H < 0 , to get the stable XeF4
The stability of this compound

clearlydepends on :
1. the moderately high Xe—F
bond energy
2. the low dissociation energy of
the fluorine molecule.
All the fluorides hydrolyze in water
The fluorides are strong fluorinating agents
Fluoride in which the other element is in its highest oxidation state can be
produced by using xenon fluorides.
Structure of Xenon Fluorides
sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3

Hybridization Hybridization Hybridization
18.5 Xenon Fluorides XeO3
XeO3 and XeO4

• colorless, deliquescent solid, quite explosive
• extremely strong oxidizing agent sp3
• reacts with dilute base: Hybridization
perxenate ion,
( isoelectronic with the periodiate ion, IO 65-
XeO64- : Xeox.st = +8  the most powerful oxidizing agents
XeO4
prepared by:
It is possible that XeO4 exists deep within

the Earth.
Xe deficit in the atmosphere, maybe

because : some of Xe formed by
radioactive decay within the Earth, instead
of diffusing to the surface, has substituted
for Si in the silicate structures under the
extreme T and P within the Earth’s crust.
XeOF4 and XeO2F2
• Partial hydrolysis of XeF6 gives oxyfluorides, XeOF4 and XeO2F2.

XeF6 + H2O → XeOF4 + 2 HF
Xenon oxytetrafluoride
sp3d2
Hybridization
XeF6 + 2 H2O → XeO2F2 + 4HF

Xenon dioxydifluoride
See saw shape :

sp3d Hybridization
18.7 Other Noble Gas Compounds
The noble gases seem to favor bonds with high electronegativity atoms or
groups.
1. (C6F5Xe)+ cation
2. Fluoro(hydrocyano)krypton(II) ion : (H—C≡N—Kr—F)+.
18.8 Biological Aspects
• None of the noble gases have any positive biological functions.
• Radon, accumulates inside buildings.

• The radiation it releases as it decays may be a significant health
hazard.
18.9 Element Reaction Flowchart
Selesai

CH 18 Noble Gasses

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CH 18 Noble Gasses

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The Group 18 Element

• Every one of the noble

Low m.p and b.p  weak dispersion forces

Air density = 1.3 g/L

• Saturn’s moon Titan atmosphre lacks the Kr and Xe

• Rn is radioactive so that it is very difficult to

 P = 100 kPa, T = <2.2 K, (now liquid helium

Helium II phenomena are best interpreted in terms of quantum behavior

• He has low Ar  high average velocity  lost into space.

• 2nd lowest density (after H2), to filll

Density of H2= 0.08992

to produce and sustain deep-sea-

• Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe gases are obtained

• Ar also is obtained from industrial

• current excites Hg vapor which

• Much amount of Argon in the atmosphere is a result

• The “neon” lights you see

• The electricity causes the gas to glow , with a unique color.

• Kr lights are used to illuminate landing strips at airports.

1933 : Pauling : predicted the formulas of some possible noble gas

1962 : Neil Bartlett : worked with platinum(VI) fluoride :

R Hoppe worked with enthalpy cycles, on thermodynamic, xenon

isoelectronic with iodine polyfluoride anions.

S < 0 H < 0 , to get the stable XeF4

The stability of this compound

The fluorides are strong fluorinating agents

sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3

XeO3 and XeO4

XeO64- : Xeox.st = +8  the most powerful oxidizing agents

It is possible that XeO4 exists deep within

Xe deficit in the atmosphere, maybe

• Partial hydrolysis of XeF6 gives oxyfluorides, XeOF4 and XeO2F2.

XeF6 + 2 H2O → XeO2F2 + 4HF

See saw shape :

2. Fluoro(hydrocyano)krypton(II) ion : (H—C≡N—Kr—F)+.

• None of the noble gases have any positive biological functions.

• Radon, accumulates inside buildings.

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